Genes that escape from X‐chromosome inactivation: Potential contributors to Klinefelter syndrome

One of the two X chromosomes in females is epigenetically inactivated, thereby compensating for the dosage difference in X‐linked genes between XX females and XY males. Not all X‐linked genes are completely inactivated, however, with 12% of genes escaping X chromosome inactivation and another 15% of genes varying in their X chromosome inactivation status across individuals, tissues or cells. Expression of these genes from the second and otherwise inactive X chromosome may underlie sex differences between males and females, and feature in many of the symptoms of XXY Klinefelter males, who have both an inactive X and a Y chromosome. We review the approaches used to identify genes that escape from X‐chromosome inactivation and discuss the nature of their sex‐biased expression. These genes are enriched on the short arm of the X chromosome, and, in addition to genes in the pseudoautosomal regions, include genes with and without Y‐chromosomal counterparts. We highlight candidate escape genes for some of the features of Klinefelter syndrome and discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying silencing and escape on the X chromosome as well as additional differences between the X in males and females that may contribute to Klinefelter syndrome.

• Publication year

  2020

• Venue

  American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics

• Publication date

  2020-05-22

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1002/ajmg.c.31800PMID 32441398PMCID 7384012
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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