Lignocellulose degradation mechanisms across the Tree of Life

Organisms use diverse mechanisms involving multiple complementary enzymes, particularly glycoside hydrolases (GHs), to deconstruct lignocellulose. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) produced by bacteria and fungi facilitate deconstruction as does the Fenton chemistry of brown-rot fungi. Lignin depolymerisation is achieved by white-rot fungi and certain bacteria, using peroxidases and laccases. Meta-omics is now revealing the complexity of prokaryotic degradative activity in lignocellulose-rich environments. Protists from termite guts and some oomycetes produce multiple lignocellulolytic enzymes. Lignocellulose-consuming animals secrete some GHs, but most harbour a diverse enzyme-secreting gut microflora in a mutualism that is particularly complex in termites. Shipworms however, house GH-secreting and LPMO-secreting bacteria separate from the site of digestion and the isopod Limnoria relies on endogenous enzymes alone. The omics revolution is identifying many novel enzymes and paradigms for biomass deconstruction, but more emphasis on function is required, particularly for enzyme cocktails, in which LPMOs may play an important role.

• Publication year

  2015

• Venue

  Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

• Publication date

  2015-11-14

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.018PMID 26583519PMCID 7571853
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• Greater emphasis on functional characterization is needed, particularly for enzyme cocktails in which lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases may play an important role.

  Confidence 0.95

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• Meta-omics is uncovering a more complex picture of prokaryotic degradative activity in lignocellulose-rich environments.

  Confidence 0.93

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• Lignin depolymerisation is carried out by certain fungi and bacteria through oxidative enzymes such as peroxidases and laccases.

  Confidence 0.91

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• Lignocellulose deconstruction across diverse organisms commonly relies on multiple complementary enzymes, especially glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases.

  Confidence 0.97

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review

• enzyme cocktails

  mixture

  Mixtures of enzymes acting together to deconstruct biomass, highlighted here as a functional framework for lignocellulose degradation.

  Aliases: enzyme mixtures

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• fenton chemistry

  chemical process

  A radical-generating oxidative chemistry associated here with brown-rot fungal degradation of lignocellulose.

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• glycoside hydrolases

  enzyme family

  Enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in carbohydrate polymers and are central to polysaccharide breakdown in this review.

  Aliases: GHs

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• lignin depolymerisation

  process

  The breakdown of lignin polymer structure during wood and biomass decay as discussed in this review.

  Aliases: lignin depolymerization

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• lignocellulose

  substrate

  Plant biomass composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin that serves as the substrate for degradation in this review.

  Aliases: lignocellulosic biomass

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases

  enzyme family

  Oxidative enzymes that cleave recalcitrant polysaccharides and are discussed here as key contributors to biomass deconstruction.

  Aliases: LPMOs

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• meta-omics

  method

  Genome-, transcriptome-, proteome-, and other omics-based approaches used here to study community-level degradative activity.

  Aliases: metagenomics and related omics

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review
• peroxidases and laccases

  enzyme class

  Oxidative enzymes that participate in lignin breakdown and are referenced here as major lignin-degrading activities.

  Aliases: peroxidases, laccases

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionAK (4715169a40) reviewB (s683577b42) review--------- ✂ Cut Here ✂ --------- (jqthcshryb) review

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