A Review of Cortical and Subcortical Stimulation Mapping for Language.

Since the early descriptions of language function based on observations of patients with language deficits by Broca and Wernicke, neurosurgeons have been focused on characterizing the anatomic regions necessary for language perception and production, and preserving these structures during surgery to minimize patient deficits post operatively. In this supplementary issue on awake intraoperative mapping, we review language processing across multiple domains, highlighting key advances in direct electrical stimulation of different cortical and subcortical regions involved in naming, repetition, reading, writing, and syntax. We then discuss different intraoperative tasks for assessing the function of a given area and avoiding injury to critical, eloquent regions.

• Publication year

  2021

• Venue

  Neurosurgery

• Publication date

  2021-01-14

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Linguistics

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1093/neuros/nyaa436PMID 33444451PMCID PMC8492609
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Disruption of the Frontal Aslant Tract is Not Associated with Long-Term Postoperative Language Deficits: A Case Report.

  2019cited by this paper
• Selective Interference with Syntactic Encoding during Sentence Production by Direct Electrocortical Stimulation of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus

  2018cited by this paper
• A lexical semantic hub for heteromodal naming in middle fusiform gyrus

  2018cited by this paper
• Words are not enough: nonword repetition as an indicator of arcuate fasciculus integrity during brain tumor resection.

  2017cited by this paper
• Functional differences among stimulation-identified cortical naming sites in the temporal region.

  2016cited by this paper
• Decoding and disrupting left midfusiform gyrus activity during word reading

  2016cited by this paper
• The peri-Sylvian cortical network underlying single word repetition revealed by electrocortical stimulation and direct neural recordings.

  2016cited by this paper
• New insights into the neural network mediating reading processes provided by cortico‐subcortical electrical mapping

  2015cited by this paper
• A re-examination of neural basis of language processing: proposal of a dynamic hodotopical model from data provided by brain stimulation mapping during picture naming.

  2014cited by this paper
• The neural basis for writing from dictation in the temporoparietal cortex.

  2014cited by this paper
• Double dissociation between visual recognition and picture naming: a study of the visual language connectivity using tractography and brain stimulation.

  2013cited by this paper
• Toward a pluri-component, multimodal, and dynamic organization of the ventral semantic stream in humans: lessons from stimulation mapping in awake patients

  2013cited by this paper
• Diagnosis of Conduction Aphasia

  2013cited by this paper
• Functional anatomic dissociation of description and picture naming in the left temporal lobe

  2013cited by this paper
• The anatomo-functional connectivity of word repetition: insights provided by awake brain tumor surgery

  2013cited by this paper
• Segregation of Lexical and Sub-Lexical Reading Processes in the Left Perisylvian Cortex

  2012cited by this paper
• Analysis of the subcomponents and cortical terminations of the perisylvian superior longitudinal fasciculus: a fiber dissection and DTI tractography study

  2012cited by this paper
• The unique role of the visual word form area in reading.

  2011cited by this paper
• Neuropsychological outcomes after epilepsy surgery: Systematic review and pooled estimates

  2011cited by this paper
• Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory - an aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data.

  2011cited by this paper
• Impaired Speech Repetition and Left Parietal Lobe Damage

  2010cited by this paper
• Connected speech production in three variants of primary progressive aphasia.

  2010cited by this paper
• Analysis of naming errors during cortical stimulation mapping: implications for models of language representation.

  2010cited by this paper
• The graphemic/motor frontal area Exner's area revisited

  2009cited by this paper
• The anatomo-functional connectivity of language revisited. New insights provided by electrostimulation and tractography.

  2008cited by this paper
• Intraoperative subcortical language tract mapping guides surgical removal of gliomas involving speech areas

  2008cited by this paper
• A discrete area within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex involved in visual-verbal incongruence judgment.

  2008cited by this paper
• Functional outcome after language mapping for glioma resection.

  2008cited by this paper
• Ventral and dorsal pathways for language

  2008cited by this paper
• INTRAOPERATIVE SUBCORTICAL LANGUAGETRACT MAPPING GUIDES SURGICAL REMOVALOF GLIOMAS INVOLVING SPEECH AREAS

  2007cited by this paper
• RESECTION OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GRADE II GLIOMAS INVOLVING BROCA'S AREA: METHODOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

  2007cited by this paper
• Conduction aphasia as a function of the dominant posterior perisylvian cortex. Report of two cases.

  2006cited by this paper
• Dissociation of action and object naming: Evidence from cortical stimulation mapping

  2005cited by this paper
• New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity of the semantic system: a study using cortico-subcortical electrostimulations.

  2005cited by this paper
• Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study.

  2005cited by this paper
• Brain stimulation reveals critical auditory naming cortex.

  2005cited by this paper
• Lessons from brain mapping in surgery for low-grade glioma: insights into associations between tumour and brain plasticity.

  2005cited by this paper
• Perisylvian language networks of the human brain

  2005cited by this paper
• Intra-operative mapping of cortical areas involved in reading in mono- and bilingual patients.

  2004cited by this paper
• Writing-specific sites in frontal areas: a cortical stimulation study.

  2004cited by this paper
• Temporal lobe stimulation reveals anatomic distinction between auditory naming processes

  2003cited by this paper
• Grammatical class effects in brain-damaged patients: functional locus of noun and verb deficit.

  2003cited by this paper
• Writing, calculating, and finger recognition in the region of the angular gyrus: a cortical stimulation study of Gerstmann syndrome.

  2003cited by this paper
• Intraoperative mapping of the subcortical language pathways using direct stimulations. An anatomo-functional study.

  2002cited by this paper
• The visual word form area: a prelexical representation of visual words in the fusiform gyrus

  2002cited by this paper
• Somatotopy of the Supplementary Motor Area: Evidence from Correlation of the Extent of Surgical Resection with the Clinical Patterns of Deficit

  2002cited by this paper
• The brain circuitry of syntactic comprehension.

  2002cited by this paper
• Anatomic dissociation of auditory and visual naming in the lateral temporal cortex

  2001cited by this paper
• DRC: a dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud.

  2001cited by this paper
• A neural correlate of syntactic encoding during speech production

  2001cited by this paper
• The visual word form area: spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients.

  2000cited by this paper
• Transcortical sensory aphasia: revisited and revised.

  2000cited by this paper
• Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke-Geschwind model.

  1999cited by this paper
• Conduction aphasia elicited by stimulation of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus

  1999cited by this paper
• Basic mechanisms in cognition and language with special reference to phonological problems in dyslexia

  1998cited by this paper
• Cortical Stimulation Elicits Regional Distinctions in Auditory and Visual Naming

  1996cited by this paper
• Troubled letters but not numbers. Domain specific cognitive impairments following focal damage in frontal cortex.

  1990cited by this paper
• Cortical language localization in left, dominant hemisphere. An electrical stimulation mapping investigation in 117 patients.

  1989cited by this paper
• The location of speech and writing functions in the frontal language area. Results of extraoperative cortical stimulation.

  1984cited by this paper
• The anatomic basis of pure alexia

  1983cited by this paper
• Phonological processes in reading: new evidence from acquired dyslexia.

  1983cited by this paper
• Phonological agraphia and the lexical route in writing.

  1981cited by this paper
• Word-form dyslexia.

  1980cited by this paper
• The anatomical basis of conduction aphasia.

  1980cited by this paper
• A standardized set of 260 pictures: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity.

  1980cited by this paper
• Human language cortex: localization of memory, syntax, and sequential motor-phoneme identification systems.

  1979cited by this paper
• Phonological alexia: three dissociations.

  1979cited by this paper
• Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I.

  1965cited by this paper
• Speech and Brain-Mechanisms.

  1960cited by this paper
• Speech and brain-mechanisms

  1959cited by this paper
• Language and Language Disturbances: Aphasic Symptom Complexes and their Significance for Medicine and Theory of Language

  1948cited by this paper
• ON APHASIA*

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Feasibility of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during insular glioma surgery: A single-center experience in a developing country

  2026cites this paper
• A pilot comparative study of intraoperative results and surgical outcomes between asleep-awake-asleep and general anesthesia modalities in temporal lobe resections

  2026influential citation
• Image-guided neurosurgery and neuroanatomical mapping: Current trends and translational advances

  2026cites this paper
• Electrocorticographic Detection of Speech Networks in Glioma-infiltrated Cortex

  2025cites this paper
• Clinical and cognitive outcome after surgical resection of cerebral AVMs in language areas.

  2025cites this paper
• Awake Craniotomy in Patients With Language Deficits: A Retrospective Cohort Study in 48 Patients.

  2025cites this paper
• Broader functionality of language areas at the left middle frontal gyrus in patients with Broca’s area tumors

  2025cites this paper
• Case Report: A personalized model of care for surgical resection of complex brain tumor with atypical language dominance

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring imitation of within hand prehensile object manipulation using fMRI and graph theory analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Intraoperative Techniques for Language Mapping in Brain Surgery: A Comparison Between Direct Electrical Stimulation (DES) and Electrocorticography (ECoG)

  2025cites this paper
• Physiotherapy Intervention in a Patient With a Glioma of the Cingulate Gyrus: A Report of a Rare Case

  2024cites this paper
• Motor or non-motor speech interference? A multimodal fMRI and direct cortical stimulation mapping study.

  2024cites this paper
• Altered white matter connectivity of ventral language networks in autism spectrum disorder: An automated fiber quantification analysis with multi-site datasets

  2024cites this paper
• Subject-Specific Automatic Reconstruction of White Matter Tracts

  2023cites this paper
• A Crossed Pure Agraphia by Graphemic Buffer Impairment following Right Orbito-Frontal Glioma Resection

  2023cites this paper
• Localization patterns of speech and language errors during awake brain surgery: a systematic review

  2023cites this paper
• Atypical hemispheric lateralization of brain function and structure in autism: a comprehensive meta-analysis study

  2023cites this paper
• Technical Aspects of Motor and Language Mapping in Glioma Patients

  2023cites this paper
• Diffusion tensor imaging versus intraoperative subcortical mapping for glioma resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  2023cites this paper
• A Novel Intraoperative Mapping Device Detects the Thermodynamic Response Function

  2023cites this paper
• The Surgical Management of Diffuse Gliomas: Current State of Neurosurgical Management and Future Directions.

  2023cites this paper
• Understanding language and cognition after brain surgery - Tumour grade, fine-grained assessment tools and, most of all, individualized approach.

  2023cites this paper
• Written language preservation in glioma patients undergoing awake surgery: The value of tailored intra-operative assessment.

  2023cites this paper
• ROSE: A Neurocomputational Architecture for Syntax

  2023cites this paper
• Controversy over the temporal cortical terminations of the left arcuate fasciculus: a reappraisal.

  2022cites this paper
• Augmented and virtual reality usage in awake craniotomy: a systematic review

  2022cites this paper
• Surgical techniques and function outcome for cingulate gyrus glioma, how we do it

  2022cites this paper
• Involvement of White Matter Language Tracts in Glioma: Clinical Implications, Operative Management, and Functional Recovery After Injury

  2022cites this paper
• Intraoperative Brain Mapping in Multilingual Patients: What Do We Know and Where Are We Going?

  2022cites this paper
• Should Neurosurgeons Try to Preserve Non-Traditional Brain Networks? A Systematic Review of the Neuroscientific Evidence

  2022cites this paper
• Intra-operative mapping and language protection in glioma

  2021cites this paper
• A Data-Based Approach for Selecting Pre- and Intra-Operative Language Mapping Tasks

  2021cites this paper
• Subcortical syntax: Reconsidering the neural dynamics of language

  2021cites this paper