The basic immunology of asthma.

In many asthmatics, chronic airway inflammation is driven by IL-4-, IL-5-, and IL-13-producing Th2 cells or ILC2s. Type 2 cytokines promote hallmark features of the disease such as eosinophilia, mucus hypersecretion, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), IgE production, and susceptibility to exacerbations. However, only half the asthmatics have this "type 2-high" signature, and "type 2-low" asthma is more associated with obesity, presence of neutrophils, and unresponsiveness to corticosteroids, the mainstay asthma therapy. Here, we review the underlying immunological basis of various asthma endotypes by discussing results obtained from animal studies as well as results generated in clinical studies targeting specific immune pathways.

• Publication year

  2021

• Venue

  Cell

• Publication date

  2021-03-09

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.016PMID 33711259
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of allergen-specific T cells in allergy and asthma

  2020cited by this paper
• Inflammatory Type 2 cDCs Acquire Features of cDC1s and Macrophages to Orchestrate Immunity to Respiratory Virus Infection

  2020cited by this paper
• Adult chronic rhinosinusitis

  2020cited by this paper
• Sex differences in group 2 innate lymphoid cell-dominant allergic airway inflammation.

  2020cited by this paper
• Lipid-Droplet Formation Drives Pathogenic Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Airway Inflammation.

  2020cited by this paper
• Multiple Biological Aspects of Eosinophils in Host Defense, Eosinophil-Associated Diseases, Immunoregulation, and Homeostasis: Is Their Role Beneficial, Detrimental, Regulator, or Bystander?

  2020cited by this paper
• Clinical and biological factors associated with irreversible airway obstruction in adult asthma.

  2020cited by this paper
• In Situ Maturation and Tissue Adaptation of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Progenitors.

  2020cited by this paper
• Faculty Opinions recommendation of High-Dimensional T Helper Cell Profiling Reveals a Broad Diversity of Stably Committed Effector States and Uncovers Interlineage Relationships.

  2020cited by this paper
• Human Lung Conventional Dendritic Cells Orchestrate Lymphoid Neogenesis During COPD.

  2020cited by this paper
• Tissue-Specific Features of Innate Lymphoid Cells.

  2020cited by this paper
• Colony‐stimulating factor 1 and its receptor are new potential therapeutic targets for allergic asthma

  2020cited by this paper
• IL-33 induced airways inflammation is partially dependent on IL-9.

  2020cited by this paper
• Distinct functions of tissue-resident and circulating memory Th2 cells in allergic airway disease

  2020cited by this paper
• Efficacy and safety of treatment with dupilumab for severe asthma: A systematic review of the EAACI guidelines—Recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma

  2020cited by this paper
• Role of TL1A/DR3 Axis in the Activation of ILC2s in Eosinophilic Asthmatics.

  2020cited by this paper
• Age-specific incidence of allergic and non-allergic asthma

  2020cited by this paper
• PPARγ enhances ILC2 function during allergic airway inflammation via transcription regulation of ST2

  2020cited by this paper
• Eosinophil extracellular traps activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells through stimulating airway epithelium in severe asthma

  2020cited by this paper
• Activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells after allergen challenge in asthmatic patients.

  2019cited by this paper
• IL33: Roles in Allergic Inflammation and Therapeutic Perspectives

  2019cited by this paper
• Multiview Cluster Analysis Identifies Variable Corticosteroid Response Phenotypes in Severe Asthma.

  2019cited by this paper
• A cellular census of human lungs identifies novel cell states in health and in asthma

  2019cited by this paper
• Charcot-Leyden crystal protein/galectin-10 is a surrogate biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma.

  2019cited by this paper
• Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial.

  2019cited by this paper
• A Transcriptomic Method to Determine Airway Immune Dysfunction in T2‐High and T2‐Low Asthma

  2019cited by this paper
• Elevated levels of interleukin‐33 are associated with allergic and eosinophilic asthma

  2019cited by this paper
• Children with Neutrophil-Predominant Severe Asthma Have Proinflammatory Neutrophils With Enhanced Survival and Impaired Clearance.

  2019cited by this paper
• Bronchial mucosal IFN-α/β and pattern recognition receptor expression in patients with experimental rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations

  2019cited by this paper
• Paucigranulocytic asthma: Uncoupling of airway obstruction from inflammation.

  2019cited by this paper
• Omalizumab Effectiveness by Biomarker Status in Patients with Asthma: Evidence From PROSPERO, A Prospective Real-World Study.

  2019cited by this paper
• Investigation of the relationship between IL-6 and type 2 biomarkers in severe asthma.

  2019cited by this paper
• Locally instructed CXCR4hi neutrophils trigger environment-driven allergic asthma through the release of neutrophil extracellular traps

  2019cited by this paper
• Allergen-specific IgG+ memory B cells are temporally linked to IgE memory responses.

  2019cited by this paper
• Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of the T Helper Cell Response to House Dust Mites Defines a Distinct Gene Expression Signature in Airway Th2 Cells.

  2019cited by this paper
• Elevated Levels of Type 2 Respiratory Innate Lymphoid Cells in Human Infants with Severe RSV Bronchiolitis.

  2019cited by this paper
• Protein crystallization promotes type 2 immunity and is reversible by antibody treatment

  2019cited by this paper
• Identification of a T follicular helper cell subset that drives anaphylactic IgE

  2019cited by this paper
• Th2-TRMs Maintain Life-Long Allergic Memory in Experimental Asthma in Mice

  2019cited by this paper
• Single-Cell Analysis of Human Mononuclear Phagocytes Reveals Subset-Defining Markers and Identifies Circulating Inflammatory Dendritic Cells.

  2019cited by this paper
• The Cytokines of Asthma.

  2019cited by this paper
• Transcriptome networks identify mechanisms of viral and nonviral asthma exacerbations in children

  2019cited by this paper
• Eosinophils capture viruses, a capacity that is defective in asthma

  2019cited by this paper
• Epithelial cell–derived cytokines: more than just signaling the alarm

  2019cited by this paper
• Charcot-Leyden crystals promote neutrophilic inflammation in nasal polyposis.

  2019cited by this paper
• Extracellular DNA, Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, and Inflammasome Activation in Severe Asthma

  2019cited by this paper
• Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Human Innate Lymphoid Cells Reveals Elements of Tissue Specificity

  2019cited by this paper
• Mast Cell-Mediated Orchestration of the Immune Responses in Human Allergic Asthma: Current Insights

  2018cited by this paper
• Elevated Expression of IL-33 and TSLP in the Airways of Human Asthmatics In Vivo: A Potential Biomarker of Severe Refractory Disease

  2018cited by this paper
• Airway pathology in severe asthma is related to airflow obstruction but not symptom control

  2018cited by this paper
• Characterization and allergic role of IL-33-induced neutrophil polarization

  2018cited by this paper
• Omalizumab effectiveness in patients with severe allergic asthma according to blood eosinophil count: the STELLAIR study

  2018cited by this paper
• Environmental allergens induce allergic inflammation through proteolytic maturation of IL-33

  2018cited by this paper
• Eosinophil and airway nerve interactions in asthma

  2018cited by this paper
• Omalizumab could be effective in children with severe eosinophilic non‐allergic asthma

  2018cited by this paper
• IL-33 and Its Receptor ST2 after Inhaled Allergen Challenge in Allergic Asthmatics

  2018cited by this paper
• Asthma

  2018cited by this paper
• Type 2 innate lymphoid cells disrupt bronchial epithelial barrier integrity by targeting tight junctions through IL‐13 in asthmatic patients

  2018cited by this paper
• Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate‐to‐Severe Uncontrolled Asthma

  2018cited by this paper
• Mucus plugs in patients with asthma linked to eosinophilia and airflow obstruction

  2018cited by this paper
• Eosinophil‐derived exosomes contribute to asthma remodelling by activating structural lung cells

  2018cited by this paper
• T cells and ILC2s are major effector cells in influenza‐induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation in mice

  2018cited by this paper
• A bispecific antibody strategy to target multiple type 2 cytokines in asthma

  2018cited by this paper
• Airway Epithelial Cell‐Derived Colony Stimulating Factor‐1 Promotes Allergen Sensitization

  2018cited by this paper
• Inception of early-life allergen–induced airway hyperresponsiveness is reliant on IL-13+CD4+ T cells

  2018cited by this paper
• Tissue signals imprint ILC2 identity with anticipatory function

  2018cited by this paper
• Regional Differences in Airway Epithelial Cells Reveal Tradeoff between Defense against Oxidative Stress and Defense against Rhinovirus

  2018cited by this paper
• Eosinophil recruitment is dynamically regulated by interplay among lung dendritic cell subsets after allergen challenge

  2018cited by this paper
• A Brief History of Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein/Galectin-10 Research

  2018cited by this paper
• ILC2s activated by IL-25 promote antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 functions that contribute to the control of Trichinella spiralis infection

  2017cited by this paper
• Sputum transcriptomics reveal upregulation of IL‐1 receptor family members in patients with severe asthma

  2017cited by this paper
• The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis

  2017cited by this paper
• Host DNA released by NETosis promotes rhinovirus-induced type-2 allergic asthma exacerbation

  2017cited by this paper
• An early innate response underlies severe influenza‐induced exacerbations of asthma in a novel steroid‐insensitive and anti‐IL‐5‐responsive mouse model

  2017cited by this paper
• Tezepelumab in Adults with Uncontrolled Asthma

  2017cited by this paper
• Role of viral infections in the development and exacerbation of asthma in children

  2017cited by this paper
• PPAR-γ promotes type 2 immune responses in allergy and nematode infection

  2017cited by this paper
• Eosinophils Promote Antiviral Immunity in Mice Infected with Influenza A Virus

  2017cited by this paper
• Lung CD103+ dendritic cells restrain allergic airway inflammation through IL-12 production.

  2017cited by this paper
• Epicutaneous sensitization to house dust mite allergen requires interferon regulatory factor 4–dependent dermal dendritic cells

  2017cited by this paper
• Type I interferon is required for T helper (Th) 2 induction by dendritic cells

  2017cited by this paper
• The neuropeptide NMU amplifies ILC2-driven allergic lung inflammation

  2017cited by this paper
• Interleukin-2-Dependent Allergen-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory Cells Drive Asthma.

  2016cited by this paper
• Inflammatory and Comorbid Features of Patients with Severe Asthma and Frequent Exacerbations

  2016cited by this paper
• Thy1+IL-7+ lymphatic endothelial cells in iBALT provide a survival niche for memory T-helper cells in allergic airway inflammation

  2016cited by this paper
• Bronchial epithelium in children: a key player in asthma

  2016cited by this paper
• Eosinophil extracellular trap cell death-derived DNA traps: Their presence in secretions and functional attributes.

  2016cited by this paper
• Aeroallergen-induced IL-33 predisposes to respiratory virus-induced asthma by dampening antiviral immunity.

  2016cited by this paper
• Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting β2 agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial.

  2016cited by this paper
• Omalizumab reduces bronchial mucosal IgE and improves lung function in non-atopic asthma

  2016cited by this paper
• Efficacy and safety of a CXCR2 antagonist, AZD5069, in patients with uncontrolled persistent asthma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

  2016cited by this paper
• Lung-resident eosinophils represent a distinct regulatory eosinophil subset.

  2016cited by this paper
• Perinatal Activation of the Interleukin-33 Pathway Promotes Type 2 Immunity in the Developing Lung.

  2016cited by this paper
• T Follicular Helper Cell Plasticity Shapes Pathogenic T Helper 2 Cell-Mediated Immunity to Inhaled House Dust Mite.

  2016cited by this paper
• Innate Immune Function of TH2 Cells in vivo

  2015cited by this paper
• High IFN-γ and low SLPI mark severe asthma in mice and humans.

  2015cited by this paper
• Interferon and IL-27 antagonize the function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and type 2 innate immune responses

  2015cited by this paper
• Pulmonary Epithelial Cell-Derived Cytokine TGF-β1 Is a Critical Cofactor for Enhanced Innate Lymphoid Cell Function

  2015cited by this paper
• Type I interferon restricts type 2 immunopathology through the regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells

  2015cited by this paper
• Interleukin-21-Producing CD4(+) T Cells Promote Type 2 Immunity to House Dust Mites.

  2015cited by this paper

• Low IgE and absence of sensitization in non-T2 asthma: a transcriptomic and cytokine study

  2026influential citation
• The role of IL-11 in chronic diseases.

  2026cites this paper
• Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and Ligustrum lucidum Ait Enhance Glucocorticoid-Associated Anti-inflammatory Effects in Asthma via the cAMP/PKA/CREB Signaling Pathway.

  2026cites this paper
• OTUD6A in Airway Epithelial Cells Exacerbates Allergic Asthma by Promoting Airway Inflammation and Airway Remodeling Through Deubiquitination of hResistin/mRELMα.

  2026cites this paper
• Endotype-driven decisions in choosing a biologic for airway diseases

  2026cites this paper
• TGF-β and IL-4 + IL-13 induce neuroplasticity in an in vitro model of hPSC-derived sensory neurons

  2026cites this paper
• Therapeutic potential of targeting novel signaling pathways in regulating chronic inflammation in obstructive lung disorders.

  2026cites this paper
• Type 2 inflammation accelerates CD4+ T-cell senescence in asthma

  2026cites this paper
• IFITM1 is required for epithelial mesenchymal transition in airway remodeling of allergic asthma.

  2026cites this paper
• Multi-trait and multi-ancestry genetic analysis of comorbid lung diseases and traits improves genetic discovery and polygenic risk prediction

  2026influential citation
• Predictors of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in bronchial asthma patients: investigating the obesity-inflammation interplay through LEP, IL-6, and NLR.

  2026cites this paper
• Cycloastragenol in inflammation-related diseases: mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and translational prospects

  2026cites this paper
• Elucidating the material basis and mechanism of Shegan Mahuang decoction in inhibiting influenza virus pneumonia based on UHPLC-HRMS, network pharmacology and experimental verification.

  2026cites this paper
• Long-term Qipian® administration confers resistance to airway inflammation in OVA-induced asthmatic mice

  2026cites this paper
• Distinct phenotypes and repertoires of bronchoalveolar and airway mucosal T cells in health and allergic asthma.

  2026cites this paper
• Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E. Wilson extract and its main component honokiol alleviate asthma by reducing respiratory inflammation through the TRPV1/NFAT/TSLP pathway.

  2026cites this paper
• Role of WNK4 and FKBP5 in asthma: Insights from bioinformatics analysis, machine learning, and preliminary validation.

  2026cites this paper
• Calotropis gigantea Linn Flowers: A Novel Approach to Asthma Treatment

  2026cites this paper
• UV Light Inhibited HRV1b Replication but Reduced Adherens Epithelial Junction and Antiviral Responses via SOCS1 in Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells

  2026cites this paper
• Association between pan-immune-inflammation value and asthma all-cause-mortality in American adults: NHANES 1999-2018.

  2026cites this paper
• Molecular requirements of pathogenic Th2 cell differentiation in allergic airway disease.

  2026cites this paper
• Assessing the comorbidity between asthma and depression through polygenic risk scoring and time-to-event models

  2026cites this paper
• B cell pathways implicate shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and immune-mediated diseases

  2026cites this paper
• Inflammatory environment-responsive nanomicelles targeting CD44 alleviate allergic asthma by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88-NFκB pathway

  2026cites this paper
• A multi-faceted pharmacology of Pistacia Integerrima mitigating asthma: a review on ethnopharmacology, phytochemicals, mechanisms, and formulations

  2026cites this paper
• Lauric acid modulates the cyclooxygenases and nitric oxide pathways and reduces oxidative stress in preventing tracheal hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic Wistar rats

  2026cites this paper
• Epidermal growth factor receptor controls sex differences in lung type 2 responses to inhaled allergen.

  2026cites this paper
• Asthma in Patients With Confirmed Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

  2026cites this paper
• The importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial calcium signaling in health and disease: an updated outlook on inflammation.

  2026cites this paper
• Frequencies of PD-1 and LAG-3 positive T cells in asthmatic children and their relationship with inflammatory cytokines

  2026cites this paper
• Siraitiae Fructus ameliorates allergic asthma via "gut-lung axis" modulation: Th17/Treg ratio rebalancing, TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway suppression, and T lymphocytes migration inhibition.

  2026cites this paper
• Navigating asthma in pregnancy: Immunologic changes, barriers, and disparities in management.

  2026cites this paper
• First-in-human study for londamocitinib (AZD4604), an inhaled, selective JAK1 inhibitor.

  2026cites this paper
• IL-36 participated in airway remodeling in chronic asthma model by inducing epithelial–mesenchymal transition process

  2026cites this paper
• Exploring the Chemical Composition and Mechanism of Xiaoqinglong Granules Against Bronchial Asthma Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry, Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Verification

  2026cites this paper
• FGF21 Exacerbates Obesity-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and FGFR1-Dependent Mast Cell Activation in Mice

  2026cites this paper
• Plant Microfungi Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae and Phragmidium rubi-idaei Demonstrate Allergenic Capabilities in Mouse Models of Asthma

  2026cites this paper
• The Role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Airway Remodeling: Mechanistic Insights Across Cellular Functions

  2026cites this paper
• The Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus on Asthma Development and Exacerbation.

  2025cites this paper
• Distinct phenotypes and repertoires of bronchoalveolar and airway mucosal T cells in health and allergic asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Application of Biologics in the Treatment of Asthma in the Past Two Decades: A Bibliometric Analysis and Beyond

  2025cites this paper
• LRP1 regulates asthmatic airway smooth muscle proliferation through FGF2/ERK signaling

  2025cites this paper
• Identification and validation of PARK7 as a novel mitochondria-related signature associated with immune microenvironment in asthma.

  2025cites this paper
• Relationship between pediatric asthma and respiratory microbiota, intestinal microbiota: a narrative review

  2025cites this paper
• The therapeutic potential of vitamin D supplementation in asthma

  2025cites this paper
• IL-9 and Blimp-1 protects the transcriptional identity of group 2 innate lymphocytes in allergic asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Identification of Conventional Dendritic Cell Subpopulations in Conducting Airway Mucosa

  2025cites this paper
• Chronic lung diseases and kidney disease: pathophysiology and management

  2025cites this paper
• Extreme temperatures modulate gene expression in the airway epithelium of the lungs in mice and asthma patients

  2025cites this paper
• The clinical and pathological histology efficacy of biological therapy for severe asthma with a phenotype of type 2 inflammation - systematic review

  2025influential citation
• Bibliometric perspectives on inflammatory and immunological research in pediatric asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Global burden of asthma among children and adolescents with projections to 2050: a comprehensive review and forecasted modeling study

  2025cites this paper
• Specific Features of Immune Response in Patients with Different Asthma Endotypes Following Immunization with a Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine

  2025cites this paper
• Eosinophilic esophagitis and allergic susceptibility: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  2025cites this paper
• T2 cytokine-driven alarmin and antiviral responses in asthma: insights into immune modulation and the role of IL-4Rα targeting

  2025cites this paper
• Prevalence and potential risk factors for T2-low asthma among school-aged children in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012.

  2025cites this paper
• RAG suppresses group 2 innate lymphoid cells

  2025cites this paper
• PGC-1α agonist ZLN005 ameliorates OVA-induced asthma in BALB/c mice through modulating the NF-κB–p65/NLRP3 pathway

  2025cites this paper
• Review on the relationship of asthma and mental disorders

  2025cites this paper
• E26 transformation-specific-1 controls asthma development by regulating the CD4+ Th2/Th17 immune response involved transcription factors in active genomic transcriptional regions.

  2025cites this paper
• Biomarker Discovery in Childhood Asthma: A Pilot Study of Serum Metabolite Analysis for IgE-Dependent Allergy

  2025cites this paper
• Activation status of immune cells in the airway is a defining feature of severe fungal asthma.

  2025cites this paper
• Eosinophils and pleural macrophages counter regulate IL-33-elicited airway inflammation via the 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway

  2025cites this paper
• Mucosal immunotherapy targeting APC in lung disease

  2025cites this paper
• Wuwei Shaji powder alleviates OVA-induced allergic asthma by protecting bronchial epithelial cells from ferroptosis via the S-sulfhydration of Keap1.

  2025cites this paper
• Inhalant Mediated Allergy: Immunobiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

  2025cites this paper
• Role of Biologics in Asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Mucins and Their Roles in Asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Metformin alleviates inflammatory responses in acute allergic asthma by inhibiting ILC2s function.

  2025cites this paper
• A Network Pharmacology‐Based Strategy for Predicting Anti‐Inflammatory Targets of Zao Ren An Shen Capsule in the Treatment of Asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Immune function (serum IL-4 and IL-5), nutritional status, and clinical outcomes in children with bronchial asthma after vitamin D supplementation

  2025cites this paper
• Is There a Place for Cannabinoids in Asthma Treatment?

  2025cites this paper
• Effect of the gut microbiome, skin microbiome, plasma metabolome, white blood cells subtype, immune cells, inflammatory proteins, and inflammatory cytokines on asthma: a two-sample Mendelian randomized study and mediation analysis

  2025cites this paper
• [Effects of fermented white mustard seed plaster on airway immune balance and its inflammatory response mechanism in bronchial asthma rats].

  2025cites this paper
• DFT and QTAIM Insights into Al- and Zn-Doped C20 Fullerenes for H2S Sensing: Asthma Biomarker and Environmental Pollutant

  2025cites this paper
• The Role of Physical Activity in Asthma Outcomes: A Review of Recent Studies

  2025cites this paper
• Carvacrol in asthma management: a comprehensive review of its therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action

  2025cites this paper
• Epithelial FETUB-mediated the inhibition of NEP activity aggravates asthma.

  2025cites this paper
• Innate Immunity and Asthma Exacerbations: Insights From Human Models

  2025cites this paper
• Constitutive systemic inflammation in Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome

  2025cites this paper
• Aurantio‐Obtusin Suppresses Airway Inflammation and Serum ICAM‐1 Expression in Guinea Pig Allergic Asthma Model

  2025cites this paper
• Relationship of prenatal ambient air pollutants exposure with childhood asthma risk and underlying mechanism: Ma'anshan Birth Cohort study.

  2025cites this paper
• Predictors of asthma exacerbation between high and low blood eosinophil counts

  2025cites this paper
• Biomarkers of type 2 inflammation as predictors of response to biologics for severe eosinophilic asthma

  2025cites this paper
• Comparison of usability and user-friendliness of three FeNO analyzers in a general population cohort of the LEAD study

  2025cites this paper
• LILRB3 genetic variation is associated with kidney transplant failure in African American recipients

  2025cites this paper
• The RNA-binding protein KSRP reduces asthma-like characteristics in a murine model

  2025cites this paper
• Intestinal IL-17 family orchestrates microbiota-driven histone deacetylation and promotes Treg differentiation to mediate the alleviation of asthma by Ma-Xing-Shi-Gan decoction.

  2025cites this paper
• Estradiol conjugation to estrogen receptorα upregulates Brms1 expression mediating M2 polarization of alveolar macrophages and exacerbating airway inflammation in asthmatic mice.

  2025cites this paper
• Notch Signaling Pathway Interfering as a Possible Asthma Treatment: A Narrative Review

  2025cites this paper
• Omalizumab is ineffective in regulating proasthmatic serum cytokine and chemokine levels in nonresponders with high BMI

  2025cites this paper
• The dichotomous impacts of Semaphorin3E deficiency on exacerbating airway hyperresponsiveness, remodelling, and inflammation in type-2 low and type-2 high asthma models

  2025influential citation
• The synergistic effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diet on Th1/Th2 balance in model mice with asthma

  2025cites this paper
• BTLA agonist attenuates Th17-driven inflammation in a mouse model of steroid-resistant asthma

  2025cites this paper
• B-cell epitope peptide immunotherapy alleviates chitin-binding protein-induced type 2 airway inflammation in a Blomia tropicalis-murine model

  2025cites this paper
• Pre-Existing Allergic Inflammation Alters Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Mice Co-Infected with Influenza Virus

  2025cites this paper
• Asthma causally affects the brain cortical structure: a Mendelian randomization study

  2025cites this paper
• Research Progress of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma

  2025cites this paper
• At The Interface: Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Soluble Cytokines.

  2025cites this paper
• [Impact of Rac1 activation on eosinophil degranulation in severe asthma].

  2025cites this paper