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The retinal pigment epithelium

R. Nagymihaly,Yaroslav Nemesh,T. Ardan,J. Motlík,J. Eidet,M. Moe,L. Bergersen,L. Lytvynchuk,G. Petrovski

Published 2021 in Tissue Barriers in Disease, Injury and Regeneration

ABSTRACT

Abstract The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) has evolutionarily adapted as a protective border for the cell structures found in this very important sensory organ responsible for vision. The inner BRB with its endothelium, pericytes, Muller glia cells, and astrocytes are the first barrier between the blood and the retina, controlling nutrients and metabolites supply, as well as preventing toxic molecules to enter the retinal space. The outer BRB with its retinal pigment epithelium and the Bruch’s membrane serve as additional barrier and at the same time a front line for the most intense phagocytosis and intra- and transcellular transport in the human body, as well as the place of nearly highest oxidative stress versus antioxidative and angiogenic versus antiangiogenic processes. The barrier molecules in physiology and disease are discussed in this chapter (zonula occludens (ZO)-1, occludin, collagens). Finally, a brief overview of the tissue engineering and three-dimensional organoids with implications for future artificial generation of tissue and barriers in the eye is given. Understanding the structural and molecular components of the BRB and their implications in physiology and disease, as well as tissue engineering can shed light on the current state-of-the-art in basic and applied ophthalmology research and novel developments in therapy.

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