High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments: A review of potential definitions, methodologies and future research needs

R. McKenna,S. Pfenninger,H. Heinrichs,J. Schmidt,I. Staffell,C. Bauer,K. Gruber,A. Hahmann,Malte Jansen,M. Klingler,Natascha Landwehr,X. Larsén,J. Lilliestam,B. Pickering,M. Robinius,T. Tröndle,O. Turkovska,S. Wehrle,J. Weinand,J. Wohland

Published 2021 in Renewable Energy

ABSTRACT

The rapid uptake of renewable energy technologies in recent decades has increased the demand of energy researchers, policymakers and energy planners for reliable data on the spatial distribution of their costs and potentials. For onshore wind energy this has resulted in an active research fi eld devoted to analysing these resources for regions, countries or globally. A particular thread of this research attempts to go beyond purely technical or spatial restrictions and determine the realistic, feasible or actual potential for wind energy. Motivated by these developments, this paper reviews methods and assumptions for analysing geographical, technical, economic and, fi nally, feasible onshore wind potentials. We address each of these potentials in turn, including aspects related to land eligibility criteria, energy meteorology, and technical developments of wind turbine characteristics such as power density, speci fi c rotor power and spacing aspects. Economic aspects of potential assessments are central to future deployment and are discussed on a turbine and system level covering levelized costs depending on locations

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