Dendritic Guanidines as Efficient Analogues of Cell Penetrating Peptides

The widespread application of cell penetrating agents to clinical therapeutics and imaging agents relies on the ability to prepare them on a large scale and to readily conjugate them to their cargos. Dendritic analogues of cell penetrating peptides, with multiple guanidine groups on their peripheries offer advantages as their high symmetry allows them to be efficiently synthesized, while orthogonal functionalities at their focal points allow them to be conjugated to cargo using simple synthetic methods. Their chemical structures and properties are also highly tunable as their flexibility and the number of guanidine groups can be tuned by altering the dendritic backbone or the linkages to the guanidine groups. This review describes the development of cell-penetrating dendrimers based on several different backbones, their structure-property relationships, and comparisons of their efficacies with those of known cell penetrating peptides. The toxicities of these dendritic guanidines are also reported as well as their application towards the intracellular delivery of biologically significant cargos including proteins and nanoparticles.

• Publication year

  2010

• Venue

  Pharmaceuticals

• Publication date

  2010-03-01

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Chemistry

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/ph3030636PMID 27713272PMCID 4033973
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• Reported applications include intracellular delivery of biologically significant cargos such as proteins and nanoparticles, together with toxicity assessments of the dendritic guanidines.

  Confidence 0.93

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• Several backbone-based cell-penetrating dendrimers are surveyed and their efficacies are compared with known cell-penetrating peptides.

  Confidence 0.90

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• Changing the dendritic backbone or the guanidine linkages tunes flexibility and the number of guanidine groups, which in turn alters the structures and properties of these cell-penetrating dendrimers.

  Confidence 0.92

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• Dendritic guanidines provide a highly symmetric scaffold with multiple guanidine groups and orthogonal focal-point functionality for efficient synthesis and simple cargo conjugation in cell-penetrating applications.

  Confidence 0.95

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review

• cargo conjugation

  process, chemical method

  Attachment of a therapeutic or imaging payload to the dendritic carrier by simple synthetic methods.

  Aliases: cargo attachment, payload conjugation

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• cell-penetrating applications

  application, delivery context

  Uses of the dendritic guanidines for delivering cargos across cellular membranes.

  Aliases: cell entry applications, membrane-penetrating applications

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• cell-penetrating dendrimers

  molecule, delivery vehicle

  Dendritic molecules designed to enter cells and transport cargo across membranes.

  Aliases: cell-penetrating dendritic analogues, cell-penetrating dendritic compounds

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• cell-penetrating peptides

  molecule, delivery vehicle

  Peptide-based membrane-translocating carriers used as the comparison standard in the review.

  Aliases: CPPs

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• dendritic backbone

  structural element, material

  The branching scaffold that determines the architecture of the dendritic guanidine analogues.

  Aliases: dendrimer backbone, backbone scaffold

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• dendritic backbones

  structural element, material

  The different dendrimer scaffold architectures used to build the cell-penetrating analogues.

  Aliases: backbone architectures

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• dendritic guanidines

  molecule, compound class

  Guanidine-rich dendritic compounds used as cell-penetrating analogues in the review.

  Aliases: dendritic guanidine compounds, guanidine dendrimers

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• efficacy comparison

  evaluation, comparison

  Comparative evaluation of how well different cell-penetrating constructs perform in delivery assays.

  Aliases: comparative efficacy, efficacy assessment

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• guanidine linkages

  chemical feature, bonding motif

  The chemical connections that attach guanidine groups to the dendritic scaffold.

  Aliases: guanidinium linkages, guanidine attachments

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• intracellular delivery

  application, process

  Transport of a cargo into the interior of cells.

  Aliases: cellular delivery, delivery into cells

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• nanoparticles

  material, cargo

  Nanoparticle cargos discussed as delivery targets for the dendritic guanidines.

  Aliases: particle cargoes, nanocarriers

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• orthogonal focal-point functionality

  chemical feature, functional group

  A focal-site chemical handle on the dendritic scaffold that can be used for selective conjugation chemistry.

  Aliases: orthogonal functionality at the focal point, focal-point functionality

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• proteins

  biomolecule, cargo

  Protein cargos discussed as biologically significant payloads for dendrimer-mediated delivery.

  Aliases: protein cargoes

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• structure-property relationships

  concept, relationship

  Relationships between scaffold design variables and the resulting physical or biological properties of the dendrimers.

  Aliases: SAR, structure-property linkages

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review
• toxicity assessments

  evaluation, property

  Measurements or reports of adverse effects associated with the dendritic guanidines.

  Aliases: toxicity, toxicology

  박진우 (dztg5apj7m) extractionKiller Whale (322360f1c1) reviewmexicorea (qjvnbu8xg3) reviewB (s683577b42) reviewq (76h6bfydm6) review

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