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Stress combination—when two negatives may become antagonistic, synergistic, or additive for plants: A review

H. Nadeem,Amir Khan,Rishil Gupta,M. Hashem,S. Alamri,Mansoor Ahmad Siddiqui,Faheem Ahmad

Published 2022 in Pedosphere

ABSTRACT

Plants in their natural environment are constantly subjected to various abiotic and biotic stressors and therefore have developed several defence mechanisms to maintain fitness. Stress responses are intricate and require various physiological, biochemical, and cellular changes in plants. The reaction mechanisms in plants subjected to drought, salinity, and heat stresses individually are explained in numerous studies. However, the field condition is far different from the controlled conditions of the labs. In the fields, crops or plants are simultaneously exposed to two or more abiotic and/or biotic stress conditions, such as a combination of salinity and heat, drought and cold, etc. or any of the significant abiotic stresses combined with pathogens’ infection. Studies have shown that plants' reactions to combinations of more than two stress factors are distinct and cannot be explicitly deduced from their responses over different stresses when applied separately. Therefore, additional efforts are needed to understand the complete mechanism of plants’ responses to stress by analysing single stress with data on multiple stress responses. This review article aims to include an overview of current researches concentrating on plants' responses to a combination of various stress conditions and their influence on the metabolic, transcriptional and physiological characteristics of

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