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Evaluating the response of diurnal variations in surface and air temperature to evaporative conditions across vegetation types in FLUXNET and ERA5

Annu Panwar,A. Kleidon

Published 2022 in Journal of Climate

ABSTRACT

The diurnal variations of surface and air temperature are closely related, but their different responses to evaporative conditions can inform us about land-atmosphere interactions. Here, we evaluate the responses of the diurnal ranges in surface (ΔTs) and air (ΔTa) temperature to evaporative fraction at 160 FLUXNET sites and in the ERA5 reanalysis. We show that the sensitivity of ΔTs to evaporative fraction depends on vegetation type, whereas ΔTa does not. On days with low evaporative fraction, ΔTs in FLUXNET is enhanced by up to ≈20K (≈30K in ERA5) in short vegetation, whereas only by up to ≈10K (≈10K in ERA5) in forests. ΔTa responds rather similarly to evaporative fraction irrespective of vegetation type (≈5K in FLUXNET, ≈10K in ERA5). We find a systematic bias in ERA5’s ΔT response to evaporative conditions, showing a stronger sensitivity to evaporative fraction than in FLUXNET. We then demonstrate with a simple atmospheric boundary layer (SABL) model that the weak response of ΔTa to evaporative fraction can be explained by greater boundary layer growth under dry conditions, which increases the heat storage capacity and reduces the response of air temperature to evaporative fraction. Additionally, using a simplified surface energy balance (SSEB) model we show that ΔTs mainly responds to solar radiation, evaporative fraction and aerodynamic conductance. We conclude that the dominant patterns of diurnal temperature variations can be explained by fundamental physical concepts, which should help us to better understand the main controls of land-atmosphere interactions.

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