Maps of cropping patterns in China during 2015–2021

Multiple cropping is a widespread approach for intensifying crop production through rotations of diverse crops. Maps of cropping intensity with crop descriptions are important for supporting sustainable agricultural management. As the most populated country, China ranked first in global cereal production and the percentages of multiple-cropped land are twice of the global average. However, there are no reliable updated national-scale maps of cropping patterns in China. Here we present the first recent annual 500-m MODIS-based national maps of multiple cropping systems in China using phenology-based mapping algorithms with pixel purity-based thresholds, which provide information on cropping intensity with descriptions of three staple crops (maize, paddy rice, and wheat). The produced cropping patterns maps achieved an overall accuracy of 89% based on ground truth data, and a good agreement with the statistical data (R2 ≥ 0.89). The China Cropping Pattern maps (ChinaCP) are available for public download online. Cropping patterns maps in China and other countries with finer resolutions can be produced based on Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) images using the shared code. Measurement(s) area of different cropping patterns Technology Type(s) phenology-based approach Factor Type(s) type of cropping pattern Sample Characteristic - Organism Organism Sample Characteristic - Environment cultivated environment Sample Characteristic - Location China Measurement(s) area of different cropping patterns Technology Type(s) phenology-based approach Factor Type(s) type of cropping pattern Sample Characteristic - Organism Organism Sample Characteristic - Environment cultivated environment Sample Characteristic - Location China

• Publication year

  2022

• Venue

  Scientific Data

• Publication date

  2022-08-05

• Fields of study

  Agricultural and Food Sciences, Geography, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1038/s41597-022-01589-8PMID 35931696PMCID 9356131
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Mapping of crop types and crop sequences with combined time series of Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data for Germany

  2022cited by this paper
• Maps of cropping patterns in China during 2015–2021

  2022cited by this paper
• The 10-m crop type maps in Northeast China during 2017–2019

  2021cited by this paper
• Local sea level trends, accelerations and uncertainties over 1993–2019

  2021cited by this paper
• Mapping cropping intensity in China using time series Landsat and Sentinel-2 images and Google Earth Engine

  2020cited by this paper
• Multiple cropping systems of the world and the potential for increasing cropping intensity

  2020cited by this paper
• Mapping sugarcane plantation dynamics in Guangxi, China, by time series Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Landsat images

  2020cited by this paper
• Quantifying expansion and removal of Spartina alterniflora on Chongming island, China, using time series Landsat images during 1995-2018.

  2020cited by this paper
• How cropland losses shaped by unbalanced urbanization process?

  2020cited by this paper
• Identifying the spatiotemporal changes of annual harvesting areas for three staple crops in China by integrating multi-data sources

  2020cited by this paper
• Assessing factors impacting the spatial discrepancy of remote sensing based cropland products: A case study in Africa

  2020cited by this paper
• Remote sensing for agricultural applications: A meta-review

  2020cited by this paper
• A comparison of global agricultural monitoring systems and current gaps

  2019cited by this paper
• Tracking the spatio-temporal change of cropping intensity in China during 2000–2015

  2019cited by this paper
• Fusing MODIS and OLI images: evaluating applications to winterwheat mapping

  2019cited by this paper
• Automatic mapping afforestation, cropland reclamation and variations in cropping intensity in central east China during 2001–2016

  2018cited by this paper
• A look at food security in China

  2018cited by this paper
• : A Review of the

  2018cited by this paper
• Mapping spatiotemporal dynamics of maize in China from 2005 to 2017 through designing leaf moisture based indicator from Normalized Multi-band Drought Index

  2018cited by this paper
• Remote Sensing and Cropping Practices: A Review

  2018cited by this paper
• Assessing the Three-North Shelter Forest Program in China by a novel framework for characterizing vegetation changes

  2017cited by this paper
• Winter wheat mapping combining variations before and after estimated heading dates

  2017cited by this paper
• Understanding recent challenges and new food policy in China

  2017cited by this paper
• MODIS phenology-derived, multi-year distribution of conterminous U.S. crop types

  2017cited by this paper
• Mapping cropping intensity trends in China during 1982–2013

  2017cited by this paper
• Spatio-temporal variations in the areas suitable for the cultivation of rice and maize in China under future climate scenarios.

  2017cited by this paper
• The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide

  2016cited by this paper
• Automated cropping intensity extraction from isolines of wavelet spectra

  2016cited by this paper
• Evolution of regional to global paddy rice mapping methods: A review

  2016cited by this paper
• A simple smoother based on continuous wavelet transform: Comparative evaluation based on the fidelity, smoothness and efficiency in phenological estimation

  2016cited by this paper
• Landscape ecological security response to land use change in the tidal flat reclamation zone, China

  2015cited by this paper
• Multiple cropping systems as drivers for providing multiple ecosystem services: from concepts to design

  2015cited by this paper
• How do weather and climate influence cropping area and intensity

  2015cited by this paper
• Mapping paddy rice areas based on vegetation phenology and surface moisture conditions

  2015cited by this paper
• Land Resources Monitoring, Modeling, and Mapping with Remote Sensing

  2015cited by this paper
• Rice cropping density and intensity lessened in southeast China during the twenty-first century

  2015cited by this paper
• Addressing China’s grand challenge of achieving food security while ensuring environmental sustainability

  2015cited by this paper
• Producing more grain with lower environmental costs

  2014cited by this paper
• Warming goal: clear link to emissions

  2014cited by this paper
• Multiple cropping intensity in China derived from agro-meteorological observations and MODIS data

  2014cited by this paper
• new methodology to map double-cropping croplands based on ontinuous wavelet transform

  2013cited by this paper
• Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band

  2008cited by this paper
• Large-area crop mapping using time-series MODIS 250 m NDVI data: An assessment for the U.S. Central Great Plains

  2008cited by this paper
• Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003

  2005cited by this paper
• Mapping paddy rice agriculture in southern China using multi-temporal MODIS images

  2005cited by this paper
• A perfect smoother.

  2003cited by this paper

• Characterizing land use changes triggered by crop-aquaculture co-cultivation from 2013 to 2022 based on a robust classification framework: Illustration in Jianghan Plain, China

  2026cites this paper
• Soil chemical properties improve model performance in estimating ecosystem carbon exchange of cropland in China

  2026cites this paper
• Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of artificial water replenishment in chinese crop rotation systems over two decades

  2026cites this paper
• The Accuracy, Spatial Consistency, and Impact Factors of Global Cropland Products in Karst Landscapes: A Case Study of the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau

  2026cites this paper
• Evaluating Cropland Restoration and Reclamation Strategies for Sustainable Land Management: Insights from China

  2026cites this paper
• Carbon sink conservation: Cost-effective spatial priorities and feasible management policies for China

  2026cites this paper
• Machine learning-based assessment of soil organic carbon dynamics in soybean–wheat rotations in eastern China

  2026cites this paper
• Northward expansion of multiple cropping systems exacerbates agricultural water stress

  2026cites this paper
• Disentangling the relative impacts of precipitation metrics on global crop yields

  2026cites this paper
• Automated rice mapping under diverse cropping patterns and establishment methods by integrating phenological knowledge and synergy of optical and SAR imagery

  2026cites this paper
• Generating an annual 30 m rice cover product for monsoon Asia (2018–2023) using harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data and the NASA-IBM geospatial foundation model

  2026cites this paper
• Winter Cereal Re-Sowing and Land-Use Sustainability in the Foothill Zones of Southern Kazakhstan Based on Sentinel-2 Data

  2026cites this paper
• Remote sensing enhanced multiple cropping systems zoning: A case study in China

  2026cites this paper
• K-means classification of long-term global vegetation index variation

  2026cites this paper
• Evaluating the impact of elevated CO2 on the hydrological cycle and carbon budgets in the loess plateau

  2026cites this paper
• Rice ratooning reduces greenhouse gas emissions from rice-wheat rotation in China

  2026cites this paper
• Evolution of particulate organic carbon fluxes in large river basins and their ecological driving mechanisms (1985–2021)

  2026cites this paper
• Spatio-temporal changes in cropland system and its impacts on grain production in China

  2026cites this paper
• Capabilities and Limitations of Air-Dried Soils in Microbial Biogeography: A Regional-Scale Comparative Analysis.

  2025cites this paper
• Trend and potential enhancement of cropping intensity

  2025cites this paper
• Mutual-information of meteorological-soil and spatial propagation: Agricultural drought assessment based on network science

  2025cites this paper
• Continuing the continuous harvests of food production: from the perspective of the interrelationships among cultivated land quantity, quality, and grain yield

  2025cites this paper
• Pesticide dynamics and risk assessment in a plateau lake: Multiphase partitioning, drivers, and distribution in Southwestern China.

  2025cites this paper
• Development potential of multi-cropping systems and its influence on agricultural water consumption in the Huang–Huai–Hai River Basin of China

  2025cites this paper
• Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in Procambarus clarkii from rice-crayfish co-culture systems in Huai’an, China

  2025cites this paper
• High-resolution mapping of China's flooded croplands.

  2025cites this paper
• Changes in land-leaching nitrogen and its linkages to lake algal blooms in China

  2025cites this paper
• Potential Challenges and Food Security Responses to Climate Change in China and Mongolia in the Post-Cop28 Era

  2025cites this paper
• Global-PCG-10: a 10 m global map of plastic-covered greenhouses derived from Sentinel-2 in 2020

  2025cites this paper
• Characterization of greenhouse gas emissions and water requirement of farmland in China's main grain-producing areas under future climate scenarios

  2025cites this paper
• Enhanced Soil Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen Gases by Fertilization and Their Impacts on Secondary Air Pollution in Eastern China.

  2025cites this paper
• Cropping and Transformation Features of Non-Grain Cropland in Mainland China and Policy Implications

  2025cites this paper
• Unlocking China's grain yield potential: Harnessing technological and spatial synergies in diverse cropping systems

  2025cites this paper
• Two oceanic origins for the record-breaking extreme high temperature event over northern China in October 2023

  2025cites this paper
• Fine-scale assessment of blue-water dependence via crop rotation systems in South Asia under a changing climate

  2025cites this paper
• Towards automation of national scale cropping pattern mapping by coupling Sentinel-1/2 data: A 10-m map of crop rotation systems for wheat in China

  2025cites this paper
• A crop-specific dynamic irrigation scheme in a regional land surface-hydrologic modeling framework for improving human water-use estimation and irrigation impact assessment

  2025cites this paper
• Carbon discharge from agriculture residues generated in 2020 and left unused in China

  2025cites this paper
• A robust framework for mapping complex cropping patterns: The first national-scale 10 m map with 10 crops in China using Sentinel 1/2 images

  2025cites this paper
• From rice planting area mapping to rice agricultural system mapping: A holistic remote sensing framework for understanding China's complex rice systems

  2025cites this paper
• Efficient fertilization pattern for rice production within the rice-wheat systems

  2025cites this paper
• Agricultural machinery could contribute 20% of total carbon and air pollutant emissions by 2050 and compromise carbon neutrality targets in China

  2025cites this paper
• Widespread but reducing irrigation deficit in the Yellow River Basin over the past 20 years

  2025cites this paper
• Spatial Correlation of Non-Agriculturalization and Non-Grain Utilization Transformation of Cultivated Land in China and Its Implications

  2025cites this paper
• High Resolution Crop Type and Rotation Mapping in Farming–Pastoral Ecotone in China Using Multi-Satellite Imagery and Google Earth Engine

  2025cites this paper
• AgriFM: A Multi-source Temporal Remote Sensing Foundation Model for Crop Mapping

  2025cites this paper
• Understanding the structural imbalance in non-grain land Utilization: Insights from China's arable land policy

  2025cites this paper
• Spatial optimization of rice systems with ratoon rice increases production and reduces methane emissions

  2025cites this paper
• Deciphering the capricious precipitation response: irrigation impact in the North China Plain

  2025cites this paper
• Uncovering the large increases of thermal units during crop phenological phases in China since 1981

  2025cites this paper
• Role of artificial intelligence in mitigating risk in multi-stage agricultural supply chain networks

  2025cites this paper
• Impacts of climatology error on evapotranspiration data merging over the intensively irrigated Haihe river basin, China

  2025cites this paper
• High-resolution (10 m) dataset of multi-crop planting structure on the Loess Plateau during 2018–2022

  2025cites this paper
• Host-Adaptive Divergence Shapes the Genetic Architecture of Magnaporthe oryzae in Southern China’s Rice Agroecosystems

  2025cites this paper
• Cross-regional sample generation based on Cropland Data Layer for large-scale winter wheat mapping: A case study of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China

  2025cites this paper
• Mapping the harvest area of a comprehensive set of crop types in China from 1990 to 2020 at a 1-km resolution

  2025cites this paper
• Future climate change exacerbates streamflow depletion in the Wei River Basin, China

  2025cites this paper
• Tracking drought in dryland vegetation through the photosynthetic afternoon depression index of Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence

  2025cites this paper
• A Novel Framework for Winter Crop Mapping Using Sample Generation Automatically and Bayesian-Optimized Machine Learning

  2025cites this paper
• Agriculture breaks down traditional biogeographic barriers of soil fungi

  2025cites this paper
• Driving Factors, Regional Differences and Mitigation Strategies for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from China’s Agriculture

  2025cites this paper
• Remote sensing for crop mapping: A perspective on current and future crop-specific land cover data products

  2025cites this paper
• Spatial optimization of cropping patterns of staple crops to enhance supply–demand balance in China

  2025cites this paper
• CHN-CH4: a gridded (0.1° × 0.1°) anthropogenic methane emission inventory of China from 1990 to 2020

  2025cites this paper
• AI-Enabled Strategies for Managing Microplastic Risk in Agroecosystems

  2025cites this paper
• Improved mapping of perennial crop types based on intra-annual biophysical changing patterns of spectral endmembers

  2025cites this paper
• Challenges and opportunities in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production and Market outlet in Togo: prospects and future perspectives

  2025cites this paper
• Occurrence, spatial distribution, and multicriteria prioritization of current-use herbicides in agricultural surface soils of Chinese mainland

  2025cites this paper
• Strategic Ground Data Planning for Efficient Crop Classification Using Remote Sensing and Mobile-Based Survey Tools

  2025cites this paper
• Increased farm size combined with improved crop-livestock coupling enhance agricultural outputs while reducing environmental impacts

  2025cites this paper
• A hierarchy framework for automatic mapping complex rice cropping patterns: National-scale annual datasets of ChinaCP-Rice10m during 2019-2024

  2025cites this paper
• Monitoring Agricultural Land Use Intensity with Remote Sensing and Traits

  2025cites this paper
• Co-benefits of Water-Saving Irrigation for Mitigating CH4 Emissions from Rice Cultivation in China: Insights from the Past Seven Decades.

  2025cites this paper
• Semi-automatic paddy rice intensity mapping for southern China with multiple cropping systems

  2025cites this paper
• Extreme multi-source forcings reshape three-dimensional circulation to drive the record-breaking Early-Autumn 2024 heat event over the Yangtze River Basin

  2025cites this paper
• Integrating machine learning algorithms and remote sensing for High-Resolution mapping of soil crusting in agricultural lands

  2025cites this paper
• PENERAPAN BUDIDAYA SAYURAN MELALUI MODIFIKASI POLA TANAM TUMPANGSARI DI DESA SOKAWERA, KECAMATAN CILONGOK, BANYUMAS

  2025cites this paper
• AgriFM: A multi-source temporal remote sensing foundation model for Agriculture mapping

  2025cites this paper
• Quantifying aboveground biomass, soil organic carbon and erosion with a detailed crop map and PESERA model in the Yangtze River Basin

  2024cites this paper
• National-scale 10-m maps of cropland use intensity in China during 2018–2023

  2024cites this paper
• Fertilization management and greenhouse gases emissions from paddy fields in China: A meta-analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Assessment of bioenergy plant locations using a GIS-MCDA approach based on spatio-temporal stability maps of agricultural and livestock byproducts: A case study.

  2024cites this paper
• Dryland cropping in different Land uses of Senegal using Sentinel-2 and hybrid ML method

  2024cites this paper
• Automatic mapping of winter wheat planting structure and phenological phases using time-series sentinel data

  2024cites this paper
• Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Evolution of Grain Cropping Patterns in Northeast China: Insights from Remote Sensing and Spatial Overlay Analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Multi-annual crop maps reveal cropping patterns in the Vojvodina region (Serbia)

  2024cites this paper
• CROPUP: Historical products are all you need? An end-to-end cross-year crop map updating framework without the need for in situ samples

  2024cites this paper
• Mapping 10-m harvested area in the major winter wheat-producing regions of China from 2018 to 2022

  2024cites this paper
• Winter wheat identification in China through FY-3D NDVI&EVI satellite data and DNN Fusion

  2024cites this paper
• A comprehensive review of rice mapping from satellite data: Algorithms, product characteristics and consistency assessment

  2024cites this paper
• Significant annual variations of firework-impacted aerosols in Northeast China: implications for rethinking the firework bans

  2024cites this paper
• Control efficacy of Bt-Cry1Ab maize (event DBN9936) against Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) in Sichuan Province, China.

  2024cites this paper
• Shifting agricultural land use and its unintended water consumption in the North China Plain.

  2024cites this paper
• Soil Emissions of Reactive Oxidized Nitrogen Reduce the Effectiveness of Anthropogenic Source Control in China.

  2024cites this paper
• Deep learning classification of winter wheat from Sentinel optical-radar image time series in smallholder farming areas

  2024cites this paper
• Ventilation potential simulation based on multiple scenarios of land-use changes catering for urban planning goals in the metropolitan area

  2024cites this paper
• Spatial and temporal grey water footprints of agricultural pesticide use: Improved pesticide use options to decrease water pollution in China

  2024cites this paper
• A comprehensive map of DNA-segment copy number variation in 491 genomes of common wheat uncovers genes associated with multiple agronomic traits

  2024cites this paper
• Annual Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China from 2001 to 2023

  2024cites this paper
• The dataset of main grain land changes in China over 1985–2020

  2024cites this paper