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Global Change and the Biodiversity of Freshwater Ecosystems: Impacts on Linkages between Above-Sediment and Sediment Biota

P. S. Lake,M. Palmer,P. Biró,J. Cole,A. Covich,C. Dahm,J. Gibert,W. Goedkoop,K. Martens,J. Verhoeven

Published 2000 in BioScience

ABSTRACT

disturbances varying in strength, frequency, predictability, duration, and spatial scale. Such disturbances can deplete the biota, disrupt ecological processes, and redistribute resources (Giller 1996, Lake 2000). Generally, in both lakes and rivers, recovery from the effects of natural disturbance is relatively rapid, although there are exceptions, such as recovery from catastrophes on the scale of the Mount St. Helens eruption (Niemi et al. 1990, Giller 1996). Human activities are now a major force affecting the ecosystems of the earth (Vitousek et al. 1997, Sala et al. 2000). Human enterprises—agriculture, industry, recreation, and international commerce—are the source of disturbances affecting all ecosystems to varying spatial extents and to varying degrees. The disturbances arise from changes in land use, anthropogenic changes in global biogeochemistry, and biotic additions and losses (Vitousek et al. 1997). These three factors are the principal agents of global environmental change. Furthermore, they interact to give rise to the two large-scale phenomena of climate change and loss of biodiversity (Vitousek et al. 1997). Freshwater sediment biota are particularly vulnerable to global change because of direct impact on the sediments and on the water over these sediments, and because of the transmission of impacts from adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. Fresh waters are intimately connected to the terrestrial realm through groundwaters and surface waters. Movement of organic matter, nutrients, and sediment among the terrestrial realm, the water column, and aquatic sediments

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