Making migraine easier to stomach: the role of the gut−brain−immune axis in headache disorders

Headache disorders place a significant burden on the healthcare system, being the leading cause of disability in those under 50 years. Novel studies have interrogated the relationship between headache disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction, suggesting a link between the gut−brain−immune (GBI) axis and headache pathogenesis. Although the exact mechanisms driving the complex relationship between the GBI axis and headache disorders remain unclear, there is a growing appreciation that a healthy and diverse microbiome is necessary for optimal brain health.

• Publication year

  2023

• Venue

  European Journal of Neurology

• Publication date

  2023-06-17

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1111/ene.15934PMID 37329292
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Dynamics of the normal gut microbiota: A longitudinal one-year population study in Sweden.

  2022cited by this paper
• Calcitonin gene related peptide in migraine: current therapeutics, future implications and potential off-target effects

  2021cited by this paper
• The selective 5‐HT1F receptor agonist lasmiditan inhibits trigeminal nociceptive processing: Implications for migraine and cluster headache

  2021cited by this paper
• Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury.

  2021cited by this paper
• Effectiveness of ketogenic diet in treatment of patients with refractory chronic migraine

  2021cited by this paper
• Comorbidities of primary headache disorders: a literature review with meta-analysis

  2021cited by this paper
• New and sex-specific migraine susceptibility loci identified from a multiethnic genome-wide meta-analysis

  2021cited by this paper
• Was it something I ate? Understanding the bidirectional interaction of migraine and appetite neural circuits.

  2021cited by this paper
• Lifestyle Modifications to Help Prevent Headache at a Developmental Age

  2021cited by this paper
• Associations between fecal short-chain fatty acids and sleep continuity in older adults with insomnia symptoms

  2021cited by this paper
• Watermelon and others plant foods that trigger headache in migraine patients

  2021cited by this paper
• A link between gastrointestinal disorders and migraine: Insights into the gut–brain connection

  2021influential reference
• Associations between diet quality, DASH and Mediterranean dietary patterns and migraine characteristics

  2021cited by this paper
• Cluster headache pathophysiology — insights from current and emerging treatments

  2021influential reference
• Hormonal influences in migraine — interactions of oestrogen, oxytocin and CGRP

  2021cited by this paper
• Chronic migraine reversal and prevention with the LIFE diet: a nutrient dense whole food plant-based diet (WFPBD)

  2021cited by this paper
• Efficacy, Safety, and Acceptability of Pharmacologic Treatments for Pediatric Migraine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

  2020cited by this paper
• Gut-brain Axis and migraine headache: a comprehensive review

  2020cited by this paper
• The Ambiguous Role of Caffeine in Migraine Headache: From Trigger to Treatment

  2020cited by this paper
• The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication

  2020cited by this paper
• Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to primary headaches: the MEPHASOUS study

  2020cited by this paper
• Playful genes: what do we know about the epigenetics of play behaviour?

  2020cited by this paper
• Diet differentially regulates enterochromaffin cell serotonin content, density and nutrient sensitivity in the mouse small and large intestine

  2020cited by this paper
• Migraine.

  2020cited by this paper
• Acute sleep deprivation enhances susceptibility to the migraine substrate cortical spreading depolarization

  2020cited by this paper
• Cervical Noninvasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Migraine and Cluster Headache: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

  2020cited by this paper
• Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota.

  2020cited by this paper
• Menstrual and perimenopausal migraine: A narrative review.

  2020cited by this paper
• Managing post-traumatic headache: guidance for primary care.

  2020cited by this paper
• Progression in migraine: Role of mast cells and pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines☆

  2019cited by this paper
• The menstrual cycle may not be limited to the endometrium but also may impact gut permeability

  2019cited by this paper
• Metabolic Endotoxemia: A Potential Underlying Mechanism of the Relationship between Dietary Fat Intake and Risk for Cognitive Impairments in Humans?

  2019cited by this paper
• Role of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in mast cell-mediated migraine pain pathway

  2019cited by this paper
• Induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in rats by cortical spreading depression

  2019cited by this paper
• The Microbiome and Irritable Bowel Syndrome – A Review on the Pathophysiology, Current Research and Future Therapy

  2019cited by this paper
• Does inflammation have a role in migraine?

  2019cited by this paper
• Differences in clinical features of cluster headache between drinkers and nondrinkers in Japan

  2019cited by this paper
• Pathophysiology of Concussion.

  2019cited by this paper
• Role of melatonin in sleep deprivation‐induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in mice

  2019cited by this paper
• Gut Microbe to Brain Signaling: What Happens in Vagus….

  2019cited by this paper
• Serum level of sex steroid hormone is associated with diversity and profiles of human gut microbiome.

  2019cited by this paper
• CGRP-dependent and independent mechanisms of acute and persistent post-traumatic headache following mild traumatic brain injury in mice

  2019cited by this paper
• The Gut Microbiota in the First Decade of Life.

  2019cited by this paper
• The cerebrovascular and neurological impact of chronic smoking on post-traumatic brain injury outcome and recovery: an in vivo study

  2019cited by this paper
• The Relationship between Infant Colic and Migraine as well as Tension-Type Headache: A Meta-Analysis

  2019cited by this paper
• Gender Differences in the Clinical Presentation of Cluster Headache: A Role for Sexual Hormones?

  2019cited by this paper
• Cortical spreading depression as a site of origin for migraine: Role of CGRP

  2019cited by this paper
• Vagus nerve stimulation for primary headache disorders: An anatomical review to explain a clinical phenomenon

  2019cited by this paper
• Glutamatergic Signaling Along The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

  2019cited by this paper
• Repeated mild traumatic brain injury affects microbial diversity in rat jejunum

  2019cited by this paper
• Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

  2019cited by this paper
• Sleep deprivation decreases neuronal excitability and responsiveness in rats both in vivo and ex vivo.

  2018cited by this paper
• High brain serotonin levels in migraine between attacks: A 5-HT4 receptor binding PET study

  2018cited by this paper
• Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 alleviates hyperalgesia induced by acute dural inflammation in experimental migraine

  2018cited by this paper
• Cluster Headache Clinical Phenotypes: Tobacco Nonexposed (Never Smoker and No Parental Secondary Smoke Exposure as a Child) versus Tobacco‐Exposed: Results from the United States Cluster Headache Survey

  2018cited by this paper
• The Vagus Nerve at the Interface of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

  2018influential reference
• Female sex hormones in men with migraine

  2018cited by this paper
• Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

  2018cited by this paper
• Synergism between Female Gender and High Levels of Daily Stress Associated with Migraine Headaches in Ontario, Canada

  2018cited by this paper
• Macronutrient Intake in Relation to Migraine and Non-Migraine Headaches

  2018cited by this paper
• The Neuroendocrinology of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: A Behavioural Perspective.

  2018influential reference
• Associations between adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet and migraine headache severity and duration among women

  2018cited by this paper
• Migraine is first cause of disability in under 50s: will health politicians now take notice?

  2018cited by this paper
• Short‐chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress‐induced brain–gut axis alterations

  2018cited by this paper
• Low 5-HT1B receptor binding in the migraine brain: A PET study

  2018cited by this paper
• Leaky Gut, Leaky Brain?

  2018cited by this paper
• Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

  2018cited by this paper
• Neurotransmitter modulation by the gut microbiota.

  2018cited by this paper
• Integrative Medicine in Pediatrics.

  2018cited by this paper
• Making Sense of … the Microbiome in Psychiatry

  2018cited by this paper
• You are what you eat: diet, health and the gut microbiota

  2018cited by this paper
• Pre-attack signs and symptoms in cluster headache: Characteristics and time profile

  2018cited by this paper
• Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders

  2018cited by this paper
• Fecal SCFAs and SCFA-producing bacteria in gut microbiome of human NAFLD as a putative link to systemic T-cell activation and advanced disease

  2018cited by this paper
• Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition

  2018cited by this paper
• Antibiotics induce sustained dysregulation of intestinal T cell immunity by perturbing macrophage homeostasis

  2018cited by this paper
• A Review of Traumatic Brain Injury and the Gut Microbiome: Insights into Novel Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Injury and Promising Targets for Neuroprotection

  2018cited by this paper
• Dietary trigger factors of migraine and tension-type headache in a South East Asian country

  2018cited by this paper
• Headache Associated with Coeliac Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2018cited by this paper
• Evidence that adenosine contributes to Leao’s spreading depression in vivo

  2017cited by this paper
• Named Series : BBI and the Microbiome Bidirectional brain-gut interactions and chronic pathological changes after traumatic brain injury in mice

  2017cited by this paper
• Chronic stress and intestinal barrier dysfunction: Glucocorticoid receptor and transcription repressor HES1 regulate tight junction protein Claudin-1 promoter

  2017cited by this paper
• The bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential nexus between traumatic brain injury, inflammation, and disease.

  2017cited by this paper
• Enterotypes in the landscape of gut microbial community composition

  2017cited by this paper
• Sex differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of migraine.

  2017cited by this paper
• Trial of Amitriptyline, Topiramate, and Placebo for Pediatric Migraine

  2017cited by this paper
• Genetic and epigenetic epidemiology of chronic widespread pain

  2017cited by this paper
• Toll like receptor 4 activation can be either detrimental or beneficial following mild repetitive traumatic brain injury depending on timing of activation.

  2017cited by this paper
• Pathophysiology of Migraine: A Disorder of Sensory Processing.

  2017cited by this paper
• Kappa opioid receptor antagonists: A possible new class of therapeutics for migraine prevention

  2017cited by this paper
• Hormone‐Related Migraine Headaches and Mood Disorders: Treatment with Estrogen Stabilization

  2017cited by this paper
• Genetic and biochemical changes of the serotonergic system in migraine pathobiology

  2017cited by this paper
• Toll‐like receptors and their role in persistent pain

  2017cited by this paper
• Migraines Are Correlated with Higher Levels of Nitrate-, Nitrite-, and Nitric Oxide-Reducing Oral Microbes in the American Gut Project Cohort

  2016cited by this paper
• Alcohol-triggered signs of migraine: An animal model

  2016cited by this paper
• Gut Microbiota, Bacterial Translocation, and Interactions with Diet: Pathophysiological Links between Major Depressive Disorder and Non-Communicable Medical Comorbidities

  2016cited by this paper
• Structural & functional consequences of chronic psychosocial stress on the microbiome & host.

  2016cited by this paper
• Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity

  2016cited by this paper
• Fatigue, sleep–wake pattern, depressive and anxiety symptoms and body-mass index: analysis in a sample of episodic and chronic migraine patients

  2016cited by this paper
• Traumatic brain injury decreases serotonin transporter expression in the rat cerebrum

  2016cited by this paper

• A review on gut microbiota and migraine severity: a complex relationship

  2025cites this paper
• The Hypometabolic State of the Migraine Brain: Is a Ketogenic Diet the Answer?

  2025cites this paper
• Unravelling the gut-brain connection: a systematic review of migraine and the gut microbiome

  2025influential citation
• Distinct Gut–Brain Axis Dysregulation in Episodic Versus Chronic Migraine: Insights from NTG-Induced Mouse Models

  2025cites this paper
• Association between proton pump inhibitor use and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of probiotic and vitamin D co-supplementation on clinical symptoms, mental health, and inflammation in adult patients with migraine headache: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial

  2024cites this paper
• Practical supplements for prevention and management of migraine attacks: a narrative review

  2024cites this paper
• RELAÇÃO ENTRE O EIXO INTESTINO-CÉREBRO E A MIGRÂNEA

  2024cites this paper
• Understanding the Biological Relationship between Migraine and Depression

  2024cites this paper
• The correlation between the frequent intake of dietary migraine triggers and increased clinical features of migraine (analytical cross-sectional study from Egypt)

  2024cites this paper
• Association of Blast Exposure in Military Breaching with Intestinal Permeability Blood Biomarkers Associated with Leaky Gut

  2024cites this paper
• Pediatric migraine is characterized by traits of ecological and metabolic dysbiosis and inflammation

  2024cites this paper
• Gut instinct: Sex differences in the gut microbiome are associated with changes in adolescent nociception following maternal separation in rats

  2023cites this paper
• Editorial: Emerging trends in headache

  2023cites this paper
• Cellular and Molecular Roles of Immune Cells in the Gut-Brain Axis in Migraine

  2023cites this paper
• The relationship between the gut-brain axis and migraine

  year unknowninfluential citation