Oxidative Stress-induced liver damage and remodeling of the liver vasculature.

Priyanka Banerjee,Niyanshi Gaddam,Vanessa Chandler,Sanjukta Chakraborty

Published 2023 in American Journal of Pathology

ABSTRACT

As an organ critically important for targeting and clearing viruses, bacteria, and other foreign material, the liver operates via immune-tolerant, anti-inflammatory mechanisms indispensable to the immune response. Stress and stress-induced factors disrupt the homeostatic balance in the liver, inflicting tissue damage, injury, and remodeling. These factors include oxidative stress induced by viral infections, environmental toxins, drugs, alcohol, and diet. A recurrent theme seen amongst stressors common to multiple liver disease is the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, increased ROS expression and depletion of ATP. Inflammatory signaling additionally exacerbates the condition, generating a pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive microenvironment and activation of apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms that disrupt the integrity of liver morphology. These pathways initiate signaling pathways that significantly contribute to the development of liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancers. In addition, hypoxia and oxidative stress directly enhance angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in chronic liver diseases. Late-stage consequences of these conditions often narrow the outcomes for liver transplantation or result in death. This review provides a detailed perspective on various stress-induced factors and the specific focus on role of oxidative stress in different liver diseases with special emphasis on different molecular mechanisms. It also highlights how resultant changes in the liver vasculature corelates with pathogenesis.

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