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Molecular Basis of Plant–Pathogen Interactions in the Agricultural Context

Usman Ijaz,Chenchen Zhao,Sergey Shabala,Meixue Zhou

Published 2024 in Biology

ABSTRACT

Simple Summary Plants encounter numerous biotic and abiotic challenges during their life cycle. Biotic stressors pose serious threats to crop yield, causing food security issues. Different signaling pathways such as recognition receptors help to recognize pathogen invasion and activate the plant defense response. Understanding the plant–pathogen interaction at a molecular level is crucial for developing strategies to enhance resistance and to mitigate the impact of plant diseases on agriculture productivity. Abstract Biotic stressors pose significant threats to crop yield, jeopardizing food security and resulting in losses of over USD 220 billion per year by the agriculture industry. Plants activate innate defense mechanisms upon pathogen perception and invasion. The plant immune response comprises numerous concerted steps, including the recognition of invading pathogens, signal transduction, and activation of defensive pathways. However, pathogens have evolved various structures to evade plant immunity. Given these facts, genetic improvements to plants are required for sustainable disease management to ensure global food security. Advanced genetic technologies have offered new opportunities to revolutionize and boost plant disease resistance against devastating pathogens. Furthermore, targeting susceptibility (S) genes, such as OsERF922 and BnWRKY70, through CRISPR methodologies offers novel avenues for disrupting the molecular compatibility of pathogens and for introducing durable resistance against them in plants. Here, we provide a critical overview of advances in understanding disease resistance mechanisms. The review also critically examines management strategies under challenging environmental conditions and R-gene-based plant genome-engineering systems intending to enhance plant responses against emerging pathogens. This work underscores the transformative potential of modern genetic engineering practices in revolutionizing plant health and crop disease management while emphasizing the importance of responsible application to ensure sustainable and resilient agricultural systems.

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