Frontal Lobe Inputs to the Digit Representations of the Motor Areas on the Lateral Surface of the Hemisphere

We examined the frontal lobe connections of the digit representations in the primary motor cortex (M1), the dorsal premotor area (PMd), and the ventral premotor area (PMv) of cebus monkeys. All of these digit representations lie on the lateral surface of the hemisphere. We used intracortical stimulation to identify the digit representations physiologically, and then we injected different tracers into two of the three cortical areas. This approach enabled us to compare the inputs to two digit representations in the same animal. We found that the densest inputs from the premotor areas to the digit representation in M1 originate from the PMd and the PMv. Both of these premotor areas contain a distinct digit representation, and the two digit representations are densely interconnected. Surprisingly, the projections from the digit representation in the supplementary motor area (SMA) to the PMd and PMv are stronger than the SMA projections to M1. The projections from other premotor areas to M1, the PMd, and the PMv are more modest. Of the three digit areas on the lateral surface, only the PMv receives dense input from the prefrontal cortex. Based on these results, we believe that M1, the PMd, and the PMv form a densely interconnected network of cortical areas that is concerned with the generation and control of hand movements. Overall, the laminar origins of neurons that interconnect the three cortical areas are typical of “lateral” interactions. Thus, from an anatomical perspective, this cortical network lacks a clear hierarchical organization.

• Publication year

  2005

• Venue

  Journal of Neuroscience

• Publication date

  2005-02-09

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3902-04.2005PMID 15703391PMCID PMC6726000
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Cortical afferents and efferents of monkey postarcuate area: an anatomical and electrophysiological study

  2004cited by this paper
• Motor Areas in the Frontal Lobe: The Anatomical Substrate for the Central Control of Movement

  2004cited by this paper
• Macaque ventral premotor cortex exerts powerful facilitation of motor cortex outputs to upper limb motoneurons.

  2004influential reference
• Functional specialization in dorsal and ventral premotor areas.

  2004cited by this paper
• Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the posterior cingulate and adjacent somatosensory fields in the rhesus monkey

  2004cited by this paper
• Organization of prefrontal outflow toward frontal motor‐related areas in macaque monkeys

  2004cited by this paper
• Distribution of neurons related to a hindlimb as opposed to forelimb movement in the monkey premotor cortex

  2004influential reference
• Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey

  2004cited by this paper
• Reorganization of activity in the supplementary motor area associated with motor learning and functional recovery

  2004cited by this paper
• Input-output organization of the rostral part of the dorsal premotor cortex, with special reference to its corticostriatal projection.

  2004cited by this paper
• Cortical networks for visual reaching

  2004cited by this paper
• Facilitation from ventral premotor cortex of primary motor cortex outputs to macaque hand muscles.

  2003cited by this paper
• Somatotopic organization of the lateral part of area F2 (dorsal premotor cortex) of the macaque monkey.

  2003cited by this paper
• Thalamocortical and intracortical connections of monkey cingulate motor areas

  2003cited by this paper
• Motor areas in the frontal lobe of the primate.

  2002influential reference
• Parietal inputs to dorsal versus ventral premotor areas in the macaque monkey: evidence for largely segregated visuomotor pathways

  2002cited by this paper
• Differences in the corticospinal projection from primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area to macaque upper limb motoneurons: an anatomical and electrophysiological study.

  2002cited by this paper
• Spatial distribution and density of prefrontal cortical cells projecting to three sectors of the premotor cortex

  2002cited by this paper
• Imaging the premotor areas.

  2001cited by this paper
• Somatotopic arrangement and corticocortical inputs of the hindlimb region of the primary motor cortex in the macaque monkey.

  2001influential reference
• Eye-hand coordination during reaching. I. Anatomical relationships between parietal and frontal cortex.

  2001cited by this paper
• The cortical motor system.

  2001cited by this paper
• Consistent Features in the Forelimb Representation of Primary Motor Cortex in Rhesus Macaques

  2001cited by this paper
• Eye-hand coordination during reaching. II. An analysis of the relationships between visuomanual signals in parietal cortex and parieto-frontal association projections.

  2001cited by this paper
• Laminar Distribution of Neurons in Extrastriate Areas Projecting to Visual Areas V1 and V4 Correlates with the Hierarchical Rank and Indicates the Operation of a Distance Rule

  2000influential reference
• Cortical connections of the frontoparietal opercular areas in the Rhesus monkey

  1999cited by this paper
• The TINS Lecture. Understanding the roles of Otx1 and Otx2 in the control of brain morphogenesis.

  1999cited by this paper
• The Organization of Cerebellar and Basal Ganglia Outputs to Primary Motor Cortex as Revealed by Retrograde Transneuronal Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

  1999cited by this paper
• A visuo‐somatomotor pathway through superior parietal cortex in the macaque monkey: cortical connections of areas V6 and V6A

  1998cited by this paper
• Role for cingulate motor area cells in voluntary movement selection based on reward.

  1998cited by this paper
• Visuomotor transformations: early cortical mechanisms of reaching.

  1998cited by this paper
• Premotor and parietal cortex: corticocortical connectivity and combinatorial computations.

  1997cited by this paper
• The TINS Lecture. The parietal association cortex in depth perception and visual control of hand action.

  1997influential reference
• Activation on the medial wall during remembered sequences of reaching movements in monkeys.

  1997cited by this paper
• Segregated parallel inputs to the brachial spinal cord from the cingulate motor cortex in the monkey.

  1997cited by this paper
• Vaccination trials against cattle plague in Hungary in 1838.

  1997cited by this paper
• Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in Macaque Monkeys

  1996influential reference
• Motor areas of the medial wall: a review of their location and functional activation.

  1996cited by this paper
• The sources of visual information to the primate frontal lobe: a novel role for the superior parietal lobule.

  1996cited by this paper
• Comparison of prefrontal architecture and connections.

  1996cited by this paper
• Cortical networks for visual reaching: physiological and anatomical organization of frontal and parietal lobe arm regions.

  1996influential reference
• Sensory and premotor connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys

  1995cited by this paper
• Grasping objects: the cortical mechanisms of visuomotor transformation.

  1995influential reference
• The Corticospinal System: A Structural Framework for the Central Control of Movement

  1995influential reference
• Somatotopy of monkey premotor cortex examined with microstimulation.

  1995cited by this paper
• Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys

  1995cited by this paper
• A comparison of the ipsilateral cortical projections to the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the macaque premotor cortex.

  1995influential reference
• Direct visual pathways for reaching movements in the macaque monkey

  1995cited by this paper
• Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere

  1995influential reference
• Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus

  1994cited by this paper
• Interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the premotor areas in the frontal lobe

  1994influential reference
• Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and the macaque frontal cortex

  1994cited by this paper
• Connections of inferior temporal areas TEO and TE with parietal and frontal cortex in macaque monkeys.

  1994cited by this paper
• Force-related neuronal activity in two regions of the primate ventral premotor cortex.

  1994influential reference
• Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations, and connections.

  1994cited by this paper
• Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the lateral surface of the hemisphere

  1993influential reference
• Frontal granular cortex input to the cingulate (M3), supplementary (M2) and primary (M1) motor cortices in the rhesus monkey

  1993cited by this paper
• Cingulate Motor Areas

  1993cited by this paper
• Corticocortical connections of area F3 (SMA‐proper) and area F6 (pre‐SMA) in the macaque monkey

  1993cited by this paper
• Input organization of distal and proximal forelimb areas in the monkey primary motor cortex: A retrograde double labeling study

  1993influential reference
• Cingulate input to the primary and supplementary motor cortices in the rhesus monkey: Evidence for somatotopy in areas 24c and 23c

  1992cited by this paper
• The origin of thalamic inputs to the "hand" representation in the primary motor cortex

  1991cited by this paper
• Neuronal activity in the primate premotor, supplementary, and precentral motor cortex during visually guided and internally determined sequential movements.

  1991cited by this paper
• A history of medicine: primitive and ancient medicine.

  1991cited by this paper
• Corticocortical inputs to the dorsal and ventral aspects of the premotor cortex of macaque monkeys.

  1991influential reference
• Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex.

  1991cited by this paper
• Multiple representations of body movements in mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex: An intracortical microstimulation study in the macaque monkey

  1991cited by this paper
• The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe

  1991influential reference
• Functional organization of inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey

  1988influential reference
• Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6) in the rhesus monkey

  1987cited by this paper
• The manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella).

  1987cited by this paper
• Corticospinal projections originate from the arcuate premotor area.

  1987cited by this paper
• Further studies on the use of the fluorescent tracers fast blue and diamidino yellow: effective uptake area and cellular storage sites.

  1987cited by this paper
• The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: intracortical microstimulation mapping

  1987cited by this paper
• Cortical connections of the somatosensory fields of the lateral sulcus of macaques: Evidence for a corticolimbic pathway for touch

  1986influential reference
• Afferent and efferent projections of the inferior area 6 in the macaque monkey

  1986influential reference
• A cryoprotection method that facilitates cutting frozen sections of whole monkey brains for histological and histochemical processing without freezing artifact.

  1986cited by this paper
• Premotor cortex neurons in macaques: activity before distal and proximal forelimb movements

  1986influential reference
• Cortical afferent input to the principalis region of the rhesus monkey.

  1985cited by this paper
• How do the basal ganglia and cerebellum gain access to the cortical motor areas?

  1985influential reference
• Patterns of cytochrome oxidase activity in the frontal agranular cortex of the macaque monkey.

  1985cited by this paper
• A sensitive low artifact TMB procedure for the demonstration of WGA-HRP in the CNS.

  1984cited by this paper
• Fluorescent Neuronal Tracers

  1984cited by this paper
• The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey

  1983cited by this paper
• Preliminary quantitative studies of prehension in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).

  1983cited by this paper
• Collaterals of rubrospinal neurons to the cerebellum in rat. A retrograde fluorescent double labeling study.

  1983cited by this paper
• Laminar patterns of termination of cortico-cortical afferents in the somatosensory system.

  1983influential reference
• Two representations of the hand in area 4 of a primate. II. Somatosensory input organization.

  1982cited by this paper
• Two representations of the hand in area 4 of a primate. I. Motor output organization.

  1982cited by this paper
• Afferent properties of periarcuate neurons in macaque monkeys. I. Somatosensory responses.

  1981cited by this paper
• Topographical projections from the prefrontal cortex to the post-arcuate area in the rhesus monkey, studied by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.

  1980cited by this paper
• Laminar origins and terminations of cortical connections of the occipital lobe in the rhesus monkey.

  1979influential reference
• Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex: evidence for four somatotopically organized 'premotor' areas.

  1979influential reference
• Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. II. Motor outputs.

  1978cited by this paper
• Fixation variables in horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry. I. The effect of fixation time and perfusion procedures upon enzyme activity.

  1978cited by this paper
• I. THE EFFECTS OF FIXATION TIME AND PERFUSION PROCEDURES UPON ENZYME ACTIVITY

  1978cited by this paper
• Parylene as a Chronically Stable, Reproducible Microelectrode Insulator

  1977influential reference
• A glass-insulated "Elgiloy" microelectrode for recording unit activity in chronic monkey experiments.

  1976influential reference
• Insular and opercular cortex and its thalamic projection in Macaca mulatta.

  1963cited by this paper
• Patterns of localization in precentral and "supplementary" motor areas and their relation to the concept of a premotor area.

  1952cited by this paper

• Distributed neural dynamics underlie the shift from movement preparation to execution

  2026influential citation
• Gradual consolidation of skilled sequential movements in primary motor cortex of non-human primates

  2026influential citation
• A brain-constrained neural model of cognition and language with NEST: transitioning from the Felix framework

  2026cites this paper
• Primary and Supplementary Motor cortex implement parallel control solutions for rhythmic and discrete arm movements

  2026cites this paper
• Two premotor areas (6aα and 6aγ) involved in motor preparation and execution during visually guided locomotion in the cat

  2025influential citation
• Beta burst characteristics predict instantaneous hand movements in Parkinson's disease.

  2025cites this paper
• A posture subspace in the primary motor cortex.

  2025cites this paper
• Hierarchy between forelimb premotor and primary motor cortices and its manifestation in their firing patterns

  2025cites this paper
• Selective coupling and decoupling coordinate distributed brain networks for precise action

  2025cites this paper
• The Influence of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Excitability of the Unstimulated Contralateral Primary Motor Cortex

  2025cites this paper
• A spinal origin for the obligate flexor synergy in the non-human primate: Implications for control of reaching

  2025cites this paper
• Promoting motor recovery after stroke using cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation

  2025cites this paper
• Characterizing Evoked Movement Patterns and Connectivity in Sensorimotor Cortex After Sensory Loss in Squirrel Monkeys

  2025cites this paper
• Investigating the effects of age and conditioning stimulation intensity on SMA–M1 connectivity in younger, middle-aged, and older adults

  2025cites this paper
• Anatomical characterization of premotor-motor connectivity in humans by paired intraoperative direct cortical stimulation

  2025cites this paper
• Single-Trial Electroencephalography Discrimination of Real, Regulated, Isometric Wrist Extension and Wrist Flexion

  2025cites this paper
• The neural bases of the reach–grasp movement in humans: Quantitative evidence from brain lesions

  2025cites this paper
• Concurrent Bilateral M1 and Anodal Cerebellar tDCS Effects on Learning of a Bimanual Video Game Task

  2025cites this paper
• Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Functional Rewiring between Macaque Motor Areas Following Postinfarction Recovery of Manual Dexterity

  2025cites this paper
• Modulation of ventral premotor and primary motor cortex interactions for accurate visuomotor force control.

  2025cites this paper
• Neural representation of action symbols in primate frontal cortex

  2025cites this paper
• Widespread neuronal activity related to bimanual coordination in non-human primates: evidence from Fos-like activation during bimanual versus unimanual motor task

  2025cites this paper
• From non-human to human primates: a translational approach to enhancing resection, safety, and indications in glioma surgery while preserving sensorimotor abilities

  2025cites this paper
• Human Auditory–Motor Networks Show Frequency‐Specific Phase‐Based Coupling in Resting‐State MEG

  2025cites this paper
• The impact of early and late blindness on language and verbal working memory: A brain-constrained neural model.

  2024cites this paper
• Driving Hebbian plasticity over ventral premotor-motor projections transiently enhances motor resonance.

  2024cites this paper
• Causal Influence of Linguistic Learning on Perceptual and Conceptual Processing: A Brain-Constrained Deep Neural Network Study of Proper Names and Category Terms

  2024cites this paper
• Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances response inhibition and attention allocation in fencers

  2024cites this paper
• A posture subspace in primary motor cortex

  2024cites this paper
• Differential Modulation of Local Field Potentials in the Primary and Premotor Cortices during Ipsilateral and Contralateral Reach to Grasp in Macaque Monkeys

  2024cites this paper
• Evolution, biomechanics, and neurobiology converge to explain selective finger motor control

  2024cites this paper
• Can human brain connectivity explain verbal working memory?

  2024cites this paper
• Identifying biomarkers related to motor function in chronic stroke: A fNIRS and TMS study

  2024cites this paper
• Corticomotor Control of Lumbar Erector Spinae in Postural and Voluntary Tasks: The Influence of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Current Direction

  2024cites this paper
• You Are as Old as the Connectivity You Keep: Distinct Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Age-Related Changes in Hand Dexterity and Strength.

  2024cites this paper
• Corticospinal excitability reductions during action preparation and action stopping in humans: Different sides of the same inhibitory coin?

  2024cites this paper
• Hierarchy between forelimb premotor and primary motor cortices and its manifestation in their firing patterns

  2024cites this paper
• Grasping affordance judgments depend on the object emotional value

  2024cites this paper
• Non-Dominant Hemisphere Excitability Is Unaffected during and after Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Dominant Hemisphere

  2024cites this paper
• The role of dorsal premotor cortex in joint action inhibition

  2024cites this paper
• The mouse motor system contains multiple premotor areas and partially follows human organizational principles

  2024cites this paper
• Exploring the Consistent Roles of Motor Areas Across Voluntary Movement and Locomotion

  2024cites this paper
• Probing intrahemispheric interactions with a novel dual-site TMS setup.

  2024cites this paper
• Neural mechanisms underlying upright bipedal gait: role of cortico-brainstem-spinal pathways involved in posture-gait control

  2024cites this paper
• Repeated unilateral handgrip contractions alter functional connectivity and improve contralateral limb response times

  2023cites this paper
• Changing connectivity between premotor and motor cortex changes inter-areal communication in the human brain.

  2023cites this paper
• Strengthening connectivity between premotor and motor cortex increases inter-areal communication in the human brain

  2023cites this paper
• Breakdown of category-specific word representations in a brain-constrained neurocomputational model of semantic dementia

  2023cites this paper
• A Review on Motor Imagery with Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation: Bridging Motor and Cognitive Welfare for Patient Rehabilitation

  2023cites this paper
• Can we manipulate brain connectivity? A systematic review of cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation effects.

  2023cites this paper
• Gait control by the frontal lobe.

  2023cites this paper
• Architecture of the motor and premotor cortex of the capuchin monkey

  2023cites this paper
• The role of ipsilateral motor network in upper limb movement

  2023cites this paper
• Open Review of “Open Review of ‘A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex’ (Gordon et al., 2023)” (Muret et al., 2023)

  2023cites this paper
• PMd and action preparation: bridging insights between TMS and single neuron research.

  2023cites this paper
• Category Learning DLPFC Single-Dissociation by fNIRS

  2023influential citation
• Interhemispheric interplay between the left and right premotor cortex during grasping as assessed by dynamic causal modelling

  2023cites this paper
• TMS-EEG and resting-state EEG applied to altered states of consciousness: oscillations, complexity, and phenomenology

  2023cites this paper
• Brain-constrained neural modeling explains fast mapping of words to meaning

  2023cites this paper
• Beyond Avoiding Hemiplegia after Glioma Surgery: The Need to Map Complex Movement in Awake Patient to Preserve Conation

  2023cites this paper
• Linking cortex and contraction—Integrating models along the corticomuscular pathway

  2023cites this paper
• Morphological changes of large layer V pyramidal neurons in cortical motor-related areas after spinal cord injury in macaque monkeys

  2023cites this paper
• Spontaneous cortical dynamics from the first years to the golden years

  2023cites this paper
• Whole-brain network transitions within the framework of ignition and transfer entropy following VIM-MRgFUS in essential tremor patients.

  2023influential citation
• Movement initiation and grasp representation in premotor and 1 primary motor cortex mirror neurons 2

  2023cites this paper
• Spared Premotor Areas Undergo Rapid Nonlinear Changes in Functional Organization Following a Focal Ischemic Infarct in Primary Motor Cortex of Squirrel Monkeys

  2023cites this paper
• Dual-site TMS as a tool to probe effective interactions within the motor network: a review

  2022cites this paper
• Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Contributes to Human Motor Learning

  2022cites this paper
• Intracortical facilitation and inhibition in human primary motor cortex during motor skill acquisition

  2022cites this paper
• Differences in intrinsic functional networks in patients with essential tremor who had good and poor long-term responses after thalamotomy performed using MR-guided ultrasound.

  2022cites this paper
• Stimulation-Evoked Effective Connectivity (SEEC): An in-vivo approach for defining mesoscale corticocortical connectivity

  2022cites this paper
• Spatiotemporal organisation of human sensorimotor beta burst activity

  2022cites this paper
• Acute and Short-Term Autonomic and Hemodynamic Responses to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients With Resistant Hypertension

  2022cites this paper
• Simulating semantic dementia in a brain-constrained model of action and object words learning

  2022cites this paper
• Cortical connectivity is embedded in resting state at columnar resolution.

  2022cites this paper
• Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: What is stimulated? – A consensus and critical position paper

  2022cites this paper
• Towards a Somatosensory Theory of Speech Perception.

  2022cites this paper
• Hebbian activity-dependent plasticity in white matter

  2022cites this paper
• Title : Mesoscale corticocortical connectivity corresponds with intracortical microstimulation-evoked neural activity

  2022cites this paper
• Somesthetic, Visual, and Auditory Feedback and Their Interactions Applied to Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation Technology: A Narrative Review to Facilitate Contextualization of Knowledge

  2022cites this paper
• Spatial coding for action across spatial scales

  2022cites this paper
• Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Over the Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Enhances Motor Response Inhibition and Visual Recognition Memory

  2022cites this paper
• [Motor rehabilitation of patients in the acute period of stroke using virtual reality technology].

  2021cites this paper
• Rapid and Bihemispheric Reorganization of Neuronal Activity in Premotor Cortex after Brain Injury

  2021cites this paper
• Information-processing dynamics in neural networks of macaque cerebral cortex reflect cognitive state and behavior

  2021cites this paper
• Sapajus apella as a model for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for Parkinson's disease

  2021cites this paper
• The connectome from the cerebral cortex to the viscera using viral transneuronal tracers

  2021cites this paper
• Increasing and decreasing interregional brain coupling increases and decreases oscillatory activity in the human brain

  2021cites this paper
• The Supplementary Motor Complex in Parkinson’s Disease

  2021cites this paper
• ACUTE TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION (tDCS) IMPROVES VENTILATORY VARIABILITY AND AUTONOMIC MODULATION IN RESISTANT HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS.

  2021cites this paper
• Microstimulation of the Premotor Cortex of the Cat Produces Phase-Dependent Changes in Locomotor Activity.

  2021cites this paper
• Retrograde Transgene Expression via Neuron-Specific Lentiviral Vector Depends on Both Species and Input Projections

  2021cites this paper
• Modelling concrete and abstract concepts using brain-constrained deep neural networks

  2021cites this paper
• Neural mechanisms mediating cross education: with additional considerations for the ageing brain.

  2021cites this paper
• ANATOMO-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE HUMAN “HAND-KNOB”: 1 A DIRECT ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY

  2021cites this paper
• Afferent connections of cytoarchitectural area 6M and surrounding cortex in the marmoset: putative homologues of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas

  2021cites this paper
• The role of dorsal premotor cortex in joint action stopping

  2021cites this paper
• A macroscopic link between interhemispheric tract myelination and cortico-cortical interactions during action reprogramming

  2021influential citation
• The Roles of the Cortical Motor Areas in Sequential Movements

  2021influential citation
• Unravelling ipsilateral interactions between left dorsal premotor and primary motor cortex: a proof of concept study.

  2021cites this paper