Triazoles in the environment: An update on occurrence, fate, health hazards, and removal techniques.

The triazole fungicides are widely utilized in agriculture and have the potential to leach into surface water from agricultural fields, resulting in significant environmental contamination. Prolonged exposure to triazole fungicides may pose potential risks to human health. Therefore, it is imperative to develop rapid, cost-effective, and efficient methods for the removal of triazoles in order to mitigate their detrimental impact on both the environment and human health. The present study provides a comprehensive review of the occurrence, distribution, and fate of triazoles in the general environment. Furthermore, an extensive comparison of current removal techniques, encompassing biodegradation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and adsorption in various environmental samples, is thoroughly discussed. AOPs-based methods are currently the most widely utilized removal technology and represent a primary direction for future development. The application of hybrid removal techniques presents promising opportunities for the development of innovative methods for triazole removal. The paper also provides an analysis of the advantages/disadvantages and challenges associated with triazoles removal. In conclusion, this comprehensive review offers an in-depth evaluation of state-of-the-art technologies for triazoles removal.

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Environmental Research

• Publication date

  2025-02-01

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121092PMID 39954929
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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