Poxvirus pathology and pathogenesis in agriculturally important species

Zoonotic poxviruses, including monkeypox virus (MPV), the causative agent for Mpox disease, have gained significant media and scientific attention due to recent outbreaks in human populations across the globe. The increase in human cases of poxvirus infection is not unexpected, as routine vaccination against smallpox (a disease caused by the poxvirus variola virus, which cross protects against other orthopoxviruses) was discontinued in the 1980s after its eradication. Large numbers of vertebrate and invertebrate species are susceptible to infection by Poxviridae. Clinical signs and histologic lesions caused by genetically different poxviruses can be strikingly similar with some notable exceptions (eg, poxviral infections in fish). The purpose of this article is to review poxvirus pathology and pathogenesis observed in species of agricultural significance including poultry, cattle, goats, sheep, camels, swine, rabbits, horses, salmon, and carp.

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Veterinary Pathology-Supplement

• Publication date

  2025-05-27

• Fields of study

  Agricultural and Food Sciences, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1177/03009858251338854PMID 40421764
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• ORF virus causes tumor-promoting inflammation in sheep and goats

  2024cited by this paper
• Stressing out—carp edema virus induces stress and modulates immune response in common carp

  2024cited by this paper
• Detection and Genome Sequencing of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses in Wildlife Game Species in South Africa

  2024cited by this paper
• Equine dermatitis outbreak associated with parapoxvirus

  2023cited by this paper
• Evaluation of haematological, serum biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease virus

  2023cited by this paper
• Carp edema virus, a great threat for carp and koi farming in Henan, China

  2023cited by this paper
• First Report of Swinepox in a Wild Boar in Italy: Pathologic and Molecular Findings

  2023cited by this paper
• Clinical and Laboratory Parameters of Carp Edema Virus Disease: A Case Report

  2023cited by this paper
• Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus

  2022cited by this paper
• Clinical Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2020–2021 Indicate the Re-Emergence of an Old African Strain

  2022cited by this paper
• Epidemic of cutaneous fowlpox in a naïve population of chickens and turkeys in Austria: Detailed phylogenetic analysis indicates co‐evolution of fowlpox virus with reticuloendotheliosis virus

  2022cited by this paper
• Poxvirus under the eyes of electron microscope

  2022cited by this paper
• Cellular infiltration, cytokines, and histopathology of skin lesions associated with different clinical forms and stages of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease in cattle.

  2022cited by this paper
• Retrospective study of poxviruses diagnosed in cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2018)

  2022cited by this paper
• Outbreaks of Avipoxvirus Clade E in Vaccinated Broiler Breeders with Exacerbated Beak Injuries and Sex Differences in Severity

  2022cited by this paper
• An Investigation of the Cause of Wild Turkey Mortality in Mississippi

  2022cited by this paper
• Genetic Sequencing of Attwater's Prairie Chicken Avian Poxvirus and Evaluation of Its Potential Role in Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Outbreaks

  2021cited by this paper
• A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

  2021cited by this paper
• Koi sleepy disease as a pathophysiological and immunological consequence of a branchial infection of common carp with carp edema virus

  2021cited by this paper
• Outbreak of a Systemic Form of Camelpox in a Dromedary Herd (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates

  2021cited by this paper
• Multi-agent in situ hybridization confirms Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola as a major contributor in complex gill disease in Atlantic salmon

  2021cited by this paper
• Carp Edema Virus Infection Is Associated With Severe Metabolic Disturbance in Fish

  2021cited by this paper
• Seroprevalence of bovine vaccinia in cows and its correlation with the productive profile of affected farms in Distrito Federal, Brazil

  2021cited by this paper
• The Atlantic Salmon Gill Transcriptome Response in a Natural Outbreak of Salmon Gill Pox Virus Infection Reveals New Biomarkers of Gill Pathology and Suppression of Mucosal Defense

  2020cited by this paper
• Pseudocowpox virus infection in an American bison (Bison bison)

  2020cited by this paper
• Recombinant Myxoma Virus Expressing Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus orfC Is Attenuated in Rabbits

  2020cited by this paper
• Lumpy Skin Disease Is Characterized by Severe Multifocal Dermatitis With Necrotizing Fibrinoid Vasculitis Following Experimental Infection

  2020cited by this paper
• Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies.

  2020cited by this paper
• Late development of pustular, erosive lesions in the muzzle of calves inoculated with Pseudocowpox virus.

  2020cited by this paper
• Poxviruses diagnosed in cattle from Distrito Federal, Brazil (2015-2018).

  2020cited by this paper
• Characterization of Fowlpox virus in chickens and bird-biting mosquitoes: a molecular approach to investigating Avipoxvirus transmission.

  2019cited by this paper
• Epidemiology and clinico-pathological characteristics of current goat pox outbreak in North Vietnam

  2019cited by this paper
• First outbreak of myxomatosis in Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis).

  2019cited by this paper
• Poxvirus Infection in a Colony of Laboratory Pigeons (Columba livia).

  2019cited by this paper
• Detection of Fowlpox virus carrying distinct genome segments of Reticuloendotheliosis virus.

  2019cited by this paper
• Detection and first molecular characterization of bovine papular stomatitis virus in dairy calves in Argentina

  2019cited by this paper
• Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review.

  2019cited by this paper
• In vitro and in vivo assessment of orf virus (ORFV) by electron microscopy

  2018cited by this paper
• [RETRACTED ARTICLE] Bovine Vaccinia in dairy cattle and suspicion of vesicular disease on milkers in Brazil

  2018cited by this paper
• Flavobacteria as secondary pathogens in carp suffering from koi sleepy disease.

  2018cited by this paper
• Spread of poxviruses in livestock in Brazil associated with cases of double and triple infection

  2017cited by this paper
• MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AVIAN POXVIRUS IN THE ORIENTAL TURTLE DOVE (STREPTOPELIA ORIENTALIS) AND THE BITING MIDGE (CULICOIDES ARAKAWAE) IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

  2017cited by this paper
• Human and Dromedary Camel Infection with Camelpox Virus in Eastern Sudan

  2017cited by this paper
• Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Urban Domestic Cats, Brazil

  2017cited by this paper
• Fatal Cowpox Virus Infection in an Aborted Foal

  2016cited by this paper
• Infection with Possible Novel Parapoxvirus in Horse, Finland, 2013

  2016cited by this paper
• Concurrent Fowlpox and Candidiasis Diseases in Backyard Chickens with Unusual Pox Lesions in the Bursa of Fabricius

  2016cited by this paper
• Orf virus infection in sheep or goats.

  2015cited by this paper
• Human infection with a zoonotic orthopoxvirus in the country of Georgia.

  2015cited by this paper
• Experimental infection of horses with "Vaccinia" virus

  2015cited by this paper
• Carp edema virus/Koi sleepy disease: an emerging disease in Central-East Europe.

  2015cited by this paper
• Salmon Gill Poxvirus, the Deepest Representative of the Chordopoxvirinae

  2015cited by this paper
• Myxoma Virus and the Leporipoxviruses: An Evolutionary Paradigm

  2015cited by this paper
• Immunological, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological studies on cows naturally infected with lumpy skin disease

  2015cited by this paper
• Pseudovaríola e estomatite papular em bovinos no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

  2014cited by this paper
• Confirmation of myxomatosis in a European brown hare in Great Britain

  2014cited by this paper
• Coinfection by Vaccinia virus and an Orf virus–like parapoxvirus in an outbreak of vesicular disease in dairy cows in midwestern Brazil

  2013cited by this paper
• Vaccinia virus immune evasion: mechanisms, virulence and immunogenicity.

  2013cited by this paper
• Cowpox virus employs a two-pronged strategy to outflank MHCI antigen presentation.

  2013cited by this paper
• Outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by Vaccinia virus in dairy cattle from Goiás State , Brazil ( 2010-2012 ) 1

  2013cited by this paper
• Filling One More Gap: Experimental Evidence of Horizontal Transmission of Vaccinia Virus Between Bovines and Rodents

  2012cited by this paper
• Bovine papular stomatitis affecting dairy cows and milkers in midwestern Brazil

  2012cited by this paper
• Molluscum contagiosum in two donkeys

  2012cited by this paper
• Zoonotic cases of camelpox infection in India.

  2011cited by this paper
• A-type inclusion bodies: a factor influencing cowpox virus lesion pathogenesis

  2011cited by this paper
• Swinepox Virus Outbreak, Brazil, 2011

  2011cited by this paper
• Outbreak of Cutaneous Form of Poxvirus on a Commercial Turkey Farm Caused by the Species Fowlpox

  2011cited by this paper
• Rabbit respiratory system: clinical anatomy, physiology and disease.

  2011cited by this paper
• An Outbreak of Orthopoxvirus-Associated Disease in Horses in Southern Brazil

  2010cited by this paper
• The role of the cowpox virus crmA gene during intratracheal and intradermal infection of C57BL/6 mice.

  2009cited by this paper
• Cutaneous form of pox infection among captive peafowl (Pavo cristatus) chicks

  2009cited by this paper
• Viral Diseases of New World Camelids

  2009cited by this paper
• [Swinepox--skin disease with sporadic occurrence].

  2008cited by this paper
• Morphogenesis of salmonid gill poxvirus associated with proliferative gill disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway

  2008cited by this paper
• Mutation of the Myxoma virus SERP2 P1-site to prevent proteinase inhibition causes apoptosis in cultured RK-13 cells and attenuates disease in rabbits, but mutation to alter specificity causes apoptosis without reducing virulence.

  2006cited by this paper
• Intradermal immune response after infection with Vaccinia virus.

  2006cited by this paper
• Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Inflammatory Infiltrate in the Skin and Lung of Lambs Naturally Infected with Sheeppox Virus

  2006cited by this paper
• The history of smallpox.

  2006cited by this paper
• Ultrastructural aspects of experimental swinepox with special reference to inclusion bodies

  2005cited by this paper
• Cowpox virus infection associated with a streptococcal septicaemia in a foal.

  2005cited by this paper
• Surto de varíola bovina causada pelo vírus Vaccinia na região da Zona da Mata Mineira

  2005cited by this paper
• Cowpox virus CrmA, Myxoma virus SERP2 and baculovirus P35 are not functionally interchangeable caspase inhibitors in poxvirus infections.

  2004cited by this paper
• Poxviruses and immune evasion.

  2003cited by this paper
• Poxvirus immune modulators: functional insights from animal models.

  2002cited by this paper
• Immune Response to Poxvirus Infections in Various Animals

  2002cited by this paper
• Genetic and Antigenic Characterization of a Poxvirus Isolate from Ostriches

  2002cited by this paper
• Expression of Secreted Cytokine and Chemokine Inhibitors by Ectromelia Virus

  2000cited by this paper
• [Cowpox viruses in Germany: an analysis of 5 cases in 1998].

  1999cited by this paper
• Myxoma virus in rabbits.

  1998cited by this paper
• The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

  1995cited by this paper
• A soluble receptor for interleukin-1β encoded by vaccinia virus: A novel mechanism of virus modulation of the host response to infection

  1992cited by this paper
• Molluscum contagiosum in a horse with granulomatous enteritis.

  1987cited by this paper
• Poxvirus Infection in a Donkey

  1986cited by this paper
• Avian pox: infection and immunity with quail, psittacine, fowl, and pigeon pox viruses.

  1985cited by this paper
• Infection and immunity with a virus isolate from turkeys.

  1985cited by this paper
• Histopathology of skin lesions in Uasin Gishu skin disease of horses.

  1975cited by this paper
• Viral diseases

  1975cited by this paper
• Integumentary system

  1975cited by this paper
• Naturally occurring infants fibroma in the domestic rabbit.

  1973cited by this paper
• Naturally Occurring Infectious Fibroma in the Domestic Rabbit

  1973cited by this paper

• No citing papers are available for this paper.