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Renal Intercalated Cells: Alien Cells Inside Us?

M. Graciano

Published 2025 in Biology

ABSTRACT

Simple Summary Intercalated cells are specialized kidney cells responsible for excreting acid produced daily by our bodies. These cells utilize H+-ATPase, a proton pump, to carry out this function. This pump energizes the cells, creating an internal environment distinct from the external world. However, most animal cells depend on a different mechanism—the sodium–potassium pump—to achieve this function. Cells energized by H+-ATPase are commonly observed in simpler organisms, including certain animals and unicellular protozoa. These cells play a crucial role in specific functions such as cell invasiveness, immune response, and stem cell behavior, distinguishing them from more typical cells that rely on the sodium–potassium pump. By reviewing the biological literature and confirming the presence of H+-ATPase-harboring cells across multiple species, we propose that these cells can be traced back through evolutionary history. The coexistence of two distinct cell types within the same organ presents an evolutionary advantage, as it allows the organ to maintain normal function while a subset of cells focuses on defense and regeneration when necessary. Remarkably, the ability to develop and maintain two distinct cellular frames has been conserved throughout evolution, from the simplest organisms to mammals, highlighting its fundamental biological significance.

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