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Cognitive processes of ingroup favoritism across 20 countries: An eye-tracking investigation of culture, behavior, and cognition

R. Rahal,Frederik Schulze Spüntrup

Published 2025 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

ABSTRACT

Significance This study examines how cultural contexts shape the way that decision-makers reason about decisions to discriminate against out-groups, capturing visual attention to decision-relevant cues via webcam-based eye-tracking from 1,850 participants across 20 countries. Results show that while individual preferences for prosociality influence visual attention, the direction of these effects varies across cultures. The study highlights that societal uncertainty correlates with increased group-based discrimination, offering insights into the mechanisms behind cross-cultural differences in social cognition. These findings advance our understanding of discrimination in favor of the in-group and emphasize the importance of cultural considerations in developing policies aimed at reducing discrimination globally, making this research significant for both the academic community and policymakers.

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