A systematic review of the association between women’s morphological traits and fertility

Abstract Typically feminine morphological traits in women include a neotenous facial structure with large eyes, full lips, and an oval face shape, and a curvaceous body with large breasts, a narrow waist, and full hips and buttocks. Compared to men, women also show higher second-to-fourth finger (2D:4D) ratios as well as less muscle mass, lower physical strength, and a higher voice pitch. Due to a putative association with oestrogen levels, feminine traits are often claimed to cue women’s reproductive potential. However, the evidence for this is scarce and inconsistent, typically measuring proxies rather than actual fertility outcomes. Here, we report a systematic review of direct fertility measures as a function of morphological traits in women, including breast size, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), voice pitch, strength, and 2D:4D; no articles were found measuring facial femininity. The review included 19 articles comprising 68 effect sizes (31 samples from 16 countries; total N = 125,062). Our review showed that a less feminine WHR may cue past fertility, and a more feminine 2D:4D may be, at best, weakly associated with fertility. Overall, we conclude that the current evidence base is too weak to support the claim that women’s feminine morphological traits are associated with reproductive potential. Abstract

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Evolutionary Human Sciences

• Publication date

  2025-11-03

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1017/ehs.2025.10026PMID 41445971PMCID 12722052
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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