Dynamic polyphenolic profiling of soybean seeds and leaves during developmental stages

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a globally important crop recognized for its high protein content and bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and isoflavones, which contribute to its nutritional and health benefits. However, the metabolic profiles of soybean leaves at various growth stages remain underexplored. We investigated the polyphenolic (flavonoid and isoflavone) metabolite profiles in 10 genetically diverse soybean varieties across 6 leaf developmental stages and seeds. Sixteen flavonoids and isoflavones were identified through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data analysis, including principal component analysis, revealed metabolic differences among seed profiles. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) explored metabolite changes across stages, while orthogonal PLS-DA separated vegetative and reproductive stages. Variable importance in projection scores highlighted naringenin, genistin, and kaempferol as key discriminative metabolites. Heatmap analysis showed flavonoids, particularly kaempferol glycosides, were abundant in the leaves, whereas isoflavones such as daidzin and genistin dominated seeds. Cultivars Hoseo, Sohwang, and Kwangan had the highest kaempferol glycoside levels. Correlating these metabolites with six key polyphenolic biosynthesis genes, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, flavonol synthase, 2-hydroxyisoflavanone dehydratase, isoflavone 7-o-methyl transferase, and isoflavone synthase, revealed variety-specific regulation. This study provides key insights into developmental metabolite dynamics in soybeans and supports strategies to enhance soybean nutritional quality.

• Publication year

  2025

• Venue

  Scientific Reports

• Publication date

  2025-11-10

• Fields of study

  Not labeled

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-23063-2PMCID 12603093
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Classification of soybeans from different habitats based on metabolomic–transcriptomic integration

  2024cited by this paper
• Soy Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2023cited by this paper
• Inhibitory characteristics of flavonoids from soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaf against pancreatic lipase

  2023cited by this paper
• Metabolite Changes in Soybean (Glycine max) Leaves during the Entire Growth Period

  2023influential reference
• SoyOmics: A deeply integrated database on soybean multi-omics.

  2023cited by this paper
• Integrated lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanism of lipid biosynthesis and accumulation during seed development in sesame

  2023cited by this paper
• Comprehensive characterization of flavonoid derivatives in young leaves of core-collected soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars based on high-resolution mass spectrometry

  2022influential reference
• Statistical discrimination using different machine learning models reveals dissimilar key compounds of soybean leaves in targeted polyphenol-metric metabolomics in terms of traits and cultivation.

  2022cited by this paper
• Effects of Salt Stress on the Morphology, Growth and Physiological Parameters of Juglans microcarpa L. Seedlings

  2022cited by this paper
• Metabolomics as a Prospective Tool for Soybean (Glycine max) Crop Improvement

  2022cited by this paper
• Physiological, biochemical, and genomic elucidation of the Ensifer adhaerens M8 strain with simultaneous arsenic oxidation and chromium reduction.

  2022cited by this paper
• Integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome reveals the improvements of seed quality in vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.).

  2022cited by this paper
• Metabolomics as a Tool to Study Underused Soy Parts: In Search of Bioactive Compounds

  2021cited by this paper
• The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants

  2021cited by this paper
• Metabolomic Variability of Different Soybean Genotypes: β-Carotene-Enhanced (Glycine max), Wild (Glycine soja), and Hybrid (Glycine max × Glycine soja) Soybeans

  2021cited by this paper
• The patterns of deleterious mutations during the domestication of soybean

  2021influential reference
• Conservation and diversification of flavonoid metabolism in the plant kingdom.

  2020cited by this paper
• Toward a 'Green Revolution' for Soybean.

  2020cited by this paper
• MetaboAnalystR 3.0: Toward an Optimized Workflow for Global Metabolomics

  2020cited by this paper
• Meeting the food security challenge for nine billion people in 2050: What impact on forests?

  2020cited by this paper
• A Metabolic Perspective and Opportunities in Pharmacologically Important Safflower

  2020cited by this paper
• Isoflavone-enriched soybean leaves attenuate ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats by anti-inflammatory activity.

  2020cited by this paper
• Applications of metabolomics in the research of soybean plant under abiotic stress.

  2019cited by this paper
• Korean soybean core collection: Genotypic and phenotypic diversity population structure and genome-wide association study

  2019cited by this paper
• Flavonoid Components of Different Color Magnolia Flowers and Their Relationship to Cultivar Selections

  2019cited by this paper
• Soy Isoflavones in Integrative Oncology: Increased Efficacy and Decreased Toxicity of Cancer Therapy

  2019cited by this paper
• Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.)

  2019cited by this paper
• Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review

  2019cited by this paper
• Overexpressing chalcone synthase (CHS) gene enhanced flavonoids accumulation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis hairy roots

  2019cited by this paper
• Morphological and Physiological Responses of Seven Different Soybean (Glycine Max L. Merr.) Cultivars to Drought Stress

  2019cited by this paper
• Genome-wide identification and localization of chalcone synthase family in soybean (Glycine max [L]Merr)

  2018cited by this paper
• Metabolomics: An Emerging Technology for Soybean Improvement

  2018cited by this paper
• Metabolomic Profiling of Soybeans (Glycine max L.) Reveals the Importance of Sugar and Nitrogen Metabolism under Drought and Heat Stress

  2017cited by this paper
• Anti-Obesity Effects of Soy Leaf via Regulation of Adipogenic Transcription Factors and Fat Oxidation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

  2015cited by this paper
• Seed metabolomic study reveals significant metabolite variations and correlations among different soybean cultivars.

  2014cited by this paper
• Metabolomics investigation of flavonoid synthesis in soybean leaves depending on the growth stage

  2014influential reference
• Genetic Modification of the Soybean to Enhance the β-Carotene Content through Seed-Specific Expression

  2012cited by this paper
• Crops that feed the World 2. Soybean—worldwide production, use, and constraints caused by pathogens and pests

  2011cited by this paper
• Characterization of Isoflavones Accumulation in Developing Leaves of Soybean (Glycine max) Cultivars

  2009cited by this paper
• Difference in flavonoid and isoflavone profile between soybean and soy leaf.

  2002cited by this paper
• Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

  2001cited by this paper
• Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2 2 DD C T Method

  year unknowncited by this paper

• No citing papers are available for this paper.