Conceptualizing Willingness to Communicate in a L2: A Situational Model of L2 Confidence and Affiliation

No abstract is available for this paper.

• Publication year

  1998

• Venue

  The Modern Language Journal

• Publication date

  1998-12-01

• Fields of study

  Linguistics, Education, Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1111/J.1540-4781.1998.TB05543.X
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Language learning

  1998cited by this paper
• 语言测试实践 = Language testing in practice

  1998cited by this paper
• Personality, Attitudes, and Affect as Predictors of Second Language Communication

  1996cited by this paper
• Communicative Competence: A Pedagogically Motivated Model with Content Specifications

  1995cited by this paper
• Variables underlying willingness to communicate: A causal analysis

  1994cited by this paper
• Language Learning Motivation: Expanding the Theoretical Framework

  1994cited by this paper
• Examination of Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's Construct of Foreign Language Anxiety: The Case of Students of Japanese

  1994cited by this paper
• Introduction to social psychology, 2nd ed.

  1994influential reference
• Motivation, self-confidence, and group cohesion in the foreign language classroom

  1994cited by this paper
• On Motivation, Research Agendas, and Theoretical Frameworks†

  1994cited by this paper
• The type differentiation indicator and adult foreign language learning success.

  1994cited by this paper
• Retrospective review article: The good language learner

  1994influential reference
• Motivation and Motivating in the Foreign Language Classroom

  1994cited by this paper
• The structure of phenotypic personality traits.

  1993cited by this paper
• The psychology of attitudes.

  1993cited by this paper
• Psychological impact of biculturalism: evidence and theory.

  1993cited by this paper
• Encouraging Learners' Conversational Participation: The Effect of Content Knowledge

  1993cited by this paper
• Discourse and language education

  1992cited by this paper
• Personality-based hardiness as a buffer for discrimination-related stress in members of Toronto's Chinese community.

  1992cited by this paper
• Second Language Acquisition

  1991cited by this paper
• Language anxiety: from theory and research to classroom implications / Elaine K. Horwitz, Dolly J. Young

  1991cited by this paper
• Understanding motivation and emotion

  1991cited by this paper
• Methods and Results in the Study of Anxiety and Language Learning: A Review of the Literature*

  1991cited by this paper
• Acculturation and Mental Health Status Among Hispanics. Convergence and New Directions for Research

  1991cited by this paper
• Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: review of research.

  1990cited by this paper
• Language acculturation among older Vietnamese refugee adults.

  1990cited by this paper
• Social psychological perspectives on second language acquisition.

  1990cited by this paper
• The role of self-reported language proficiencies in the cultural and psychosocial adaptation among members of Toronto, Canada's Chinese community.

  1990cited by this paper
• Introduction to Social Psychology

  1990cited by this paper
• Congruence in Native and Nonnative Conversations: Status Balance in the Academic Advising Session *

  1990cited by this paper
• Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition

  1989cited by this paper
• Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory.

  1989cited by this paper
• Acculturation experiences, appraisal, coping, and adaptation: A comparison of Hong Kong Chinese, French, and English students in Canada.

  1989cited by this paper
• Age differences in the acculturation process.

  1989cited by this paper
• Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism

  1988cited by this paper
• Children and prejudice

  1988cited by this paper
• Attitudes, Personality and Behavior

  1988influential reference
• Sex differences in English language acculturation and learning strategies among Vietnamese adults aged 40 and over in the United States

  1988cited by this paper
• The Theory of Reasoned Action: A Meta-Analysis of Past Research with Recommendations for Modifications and Future Research

  1988cited by this paper
• Communication and cross-cultural adaptation : an integrative theory

  1988cited by this paper
• Second Language Proficiency and Acculturation: An Investigation of the Effects of Language Status and Individual Characteristics

  1986cited by this paper
• Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety

  1986cited by this paper
• Aptitude, Attitude and Motivation in Second Language Proficiency: A Test Of Clément's Model

  1985cited by this paper
• Correlates of self-confidence with English among chinese students in Toronto

  1985cited by this paper
• Social psychology and second language learning : the role of attitudes and motivation

  1985influential reference
• Social identity and intergroup relations

  1985cited by this paper
• Language style as audience design

  1984cited by this paper
• Ascribed Status, Lexical Diversity, and Accent: Determinants of Perceived Status, Solidarity, and Control of Speech Style

  1984cited by this paper
• Investigating a causal model of second language acquisition: Where does personality fit?

  1984cited by this paper
• Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure

  1983cited by this paper
• ORIENTATIONS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: I. THE EFFECTS OF ETHNIC TY, MILIEU, AND TARGET LANGUAGE ON THEIR EMERGENCE.

  1983cited by this paper
• Right-Wing Authoritarianism

  1982cited by this paper
• Ethnicity, Contact and Communicative Competence in a Second Language

  1980influential reference
• Social and individual factors in second language acquisition.

  1980cited by this paper
• Language and Control

  1980cited by this paper
• Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior

  1980cited by this paper
• A theory of reasoned action: some applications and implications.

  1980cited by this paper
• THEORETICAL BASES OF COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES TO SECOND LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TESTING

  1980cited by this paper
• Speech as a marker of situation

  1979cited by this paper
• Motivational variables in second language acquisition: A study of Francophones learning English.

  1977cited by this paper
• Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations

  1977cited by this paper
• The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale: Development and validation

  1976influential reference
• Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior

  1975cited by this paper
• Language and Control.

  1975cited by this paper
• Culture and Language as Factors in Learning and Education.

  1973cited by this paper
• Attitudes and Motivation in Second-Language Learning

  1972cited by this paper
• What is beautiful is good.

  1972cited by this paper
• The Attraction Paradigm

  1971cited by this paper
• Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

  1970cited by this paper
• Attitudinal effects of mere exposure

  1969cited by this paper
• The acquaintance process

  1961cited by this paper
• Motivational variables in second-language acquisition.

  1959influential reference
• Superordinate Goals in the Reduction of Intergroup Conflict

  1958cited by this paper
• Communicative Competence

  year unknowncited by this paper

• The Effects of Acculturation Preferences on International Students’ Academic Adaptation: The Mediating Role of Willingness to Communicate

  2026cites this paper
• What counts as participation in the language classroom? A critical inquiry

  2026cites this paper
• The impact of the production-oriented approach on L2 Motivational Self System and academic achievement among Chinese English majors

  2026cites this paper
• Do conative individual differences enhance language use? Evidence from task-mediated L2 writing performance

  2026cites this paper
• To talk or not to talk? Willingness to communicate in English as an L2: Investigating Greek learners’ perspectives and their teachers’ perspectives and strategies in Greece

  2026influential citation
• Intersecting culture and language learning: power-distance and participation in Vietnamese EFL classrooms

  2026cites this paper
• Impact of the Dogme ELT Methodology on Sixth-Grade Students’ Willingness to Communicate

  2026influential citation
• Smart learning environments and student engagement: A structural equation modeling study of psychological safety, learning motivation, and willingness to communicate.

  2026cites this paper
• Teacher immediacy, classroom social climate, and learner engagement: A multilevel study of speaking participation in Jordanian EFL classrooms

  2026cites this paper
• Drivers of willingness to communicate with generative AI: the roles of self-efficacy, grit, speaking enjoyment, and anxiety from a self-determination theory perspective

  2026influential citation
• Linking Affective Variables to Willingness to Communicate among English Undergraduates in Three Contexts

  2026influential citation
• Foreign Language Enjoyment, L2 Grit, and Perceived Teacher Support in TESOL Contexts: A Structural Equation Modeling Study of L2 Willingness to Communicate

  2026cites this paper
• L2 Willingness to Communicate in the Context of Online Learning Environments: A Systematic Review.

  2026cites this paper
• Teacher motivational practices and their perceived influence on L2 motivation in Libyan secondary EFL classrooms.

  2026cites this paper
• How social-emotional competence shapes classroom participation? A configurational analysis of teacher education students using fsQCA

  2026cites this paper
• Engagement training effect of EFL learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) and engagement in classroom activities

  2026influential citation
• The Low Connection Between Informal Digital Learning of English and Willingness to Communicate: Investigating the “Scrolling Phenomenon” and Speaking Challenges among EFL Vocational Students

  2026influential citation
• English-Speaking Anxiety among Preservice EFL Teachers during Teaching Practicum

  2026cites this paper
• Impacto del programa de aprendizaje emocionante en el dominio de la lengua Asháninka

  2026cites this paper
• Examining the Impact of AI-Assisted Preparation on Vietnamese EFL Learners' Willingness to Communicate in English

  2026influential citation
• Designing A Speaking Test for Special Purposes (SP) in Hiring Experts for a Company

  2026cites this paper
• Human-AI collaboration in vocational writing: Building a framework for adaptive English learning

  2026cites this paper
• Exploring L2 speech fluency of advanced learners from the perspective of linguistic self-confidence and communication confidence

  2026cites this paper
• The stability, change, and predictive value of L2 grit: A longitudinal study

  2026cites this paper
• The impact of AI chatbots on EFL learners’ oral proficiency and willingness to communicate

  2026cites this paper
• In search of a “big idea”: A critical review of the function of comparison processes in language learning psychology

  2026influential citation
• A perplexing silence: unlocking student communication through teacher humor in the EFL classroom

  2026cites this paper
• The effectiveness and learner acceptance of robot-facilitated board games for enhancing content-based English vocabulary learning

  2026cites this paper
• Friendship with human vs. AI peers: Enjoyment mediates college students' willingness to communicate in spoken English learning.

  2026cites this paper
• Secondary school EFL students' in-class willingness to communicate in CLIL-based bilingual and non-bilingual programmes in Andalusia

  2026cites this paper
• A social cognitive perspective on the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and academic self-efficacy among EFL high school students

  2026cites this paper
• What children get overlooked? The distribution of teachers’ attention in early childhood education: a mobile eye-tracking study

  2026cites this paper
• Willingness to Communicate in the Digital Wilds: A Case Study of a Gamer Writing Fanfiction

  2026cites this paper
• Emotional intelligence and language learning performance of EFL learners in China: chain mediating effects of willingness to communicate and foreign language learning boredom

  2026cites this paper
• Voice-Based Chatbots for English Speaking Practice in Multilingual Low-Resource Indian Schools: A Multi-Stakeholder Study

  2026cites this paper
• A Review of Translanguaging as a Pedagogical Tool for Indigenous and Multilingual Learners’ Basic Education in the Philippines

  2026cites this paper
• Teacher Support and L2 Willingness to Communicate in CALL Among Chinese EFL Learners: A Chain Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Learning Engagement

  2026cites this paper
• Exploring willingness to communicate vis-à-vis learner talk in an EAP classroom: An observation-assisted repeated Q methodology study

  2026cites this paper
• Impact of teacher support on L2WTC: the mediating roles of foreign language enjoyment and growth language mindset

  2026cites this paper
• Profiling adolescent EFL learners’ socio-psychological orientations toward willingness to communicate: a Q methodology study

  2026influential citation
• A holistic perspective on the contribution of foreign language peace of mind, enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom to EFL learners’ willingness to communicate: The mediating role of engagement

  2025cites this paper
• Developing and assessing second language listening and speaking: Does AI make it better?

  2025cites this paper
• Implementing multiple intelligence-informed tasks to cultivate willingness to communicate, academic engagement, and academic success: evidence from EFL learners

  2025influential citation
• Beyond communicative competence: Investigating the impact of grit and classroom enjoyment on willingness to communicate

  2025cites this paper
• The mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between EFL learners’ L2 grit and L2 WTC

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring the Effects of an AI Chatbot on Emotional Engagement in English Speaking Lessons: Insights from Call Annie

  2025cites this paper
• Emotional Dimensions of Feedback: How AI and Human Responses Shape ESL Learning Outcomes

  2025cites this paper
• Cultural moderation in second language Chinese learning

  2025cites this paper
• Taiwan's educational transformation: the role of motivation, English Lingua Franca, and Willingness to communicate in developing intercultural communicative competence

  2025cites this paper
• L2 speaking confidence of Indonesian senior high school learners: Influence on willingness to communicate

  2025cites this paper
• Digital Discourse and Linguistic Proficiency: Sentiment Analysis of YouTube Comments in Informal English Learning Experiences

  2025cites this paper
• Metacognitive Strategies and Willingness to Communicate in L2 Learning: A Mediation Model of Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation

  2025cites this paper
• “Teach It, and Then Set Me Free”: Saudi EFL Learners’ Voice and Choice in Grammar Pedagogies

  2025cites this paper
• A Study of the Relationship among English Learning Self-Efficacy and WTC in the Classroom among Rural Junior High School Students

  2025cites this paper
• A Study on the Relationship between Oral Self-Efficacy and Willingness to Communicate among Junior High School Students

  2025cites this paper
• AI-generated corpus learning and EFL learners’ learning of grammatical structures, lexical bundles, and willingness to write

  2025influential citation
• The impact of classroom interaction on willingness to communicate: The mediating roles of speaking self-efficacy and foreign language enjoyment

  2025cites this paper
• Cognitive and affective processes in second language oral communication: a mixed methods research

  2025cites this paper
• Cartoons as a Tool for Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition in Year 6 EFL Pupils

  2025cites this paper
• The Use of Large-Language-Model-based Chatbots in College English Instruction: An Empirical Study Based on "Sparkle Language Companion"

  2025influential citation
• Investigating the role of AI-powered conversation bots in enhancing L2 speaking skills and reducing speaking anxiety: a mixed methods study

  2025cites this paper
• Fostering willingness to communicate in English: how growth mindset, academic self-efficacy, and foreign language enjoyment interact in junior high school students

  2025influential citation
• Keeping the Conversation Flowing: Students' Insights Into Sustaining Willingness to Communicate in Online English Classes

  2025influential citation
• Do Communicative Activities Play a Role in Motivating English-Second-Language (ESL) Tertiary Students to Learn English? A Case of Three Selected Universities in Lesotho

  2025cites this paper
• Unraveling willingness to communicate in Chinese as a second language

  2025cites this paper
• International Student Exchange Influence on an Indonesian EFL Student’s Speaking Confidence

  2025cites this paper
• The Relationship Between Moroccan Students’ Communicative Self-Confidence and Frequency of English Use with Their Willingness to Communicate in English

  2025cites this paper
• Students’ perception of the impact of (meta)linguistic knowledge on learning German

  2025cites this paper
• Code Switching and Code Mixing Uttered by Thai Students in Indonesia: Types and Contributing Factors

  2025cites this paper
• Enhancing EFL writing with visualised GenAI feedback: A cognitive affective theory of learning perspective on revision quality, emotional response, and human-computer interaction

  2025cites this paper
• How L2 grit fuels optimism and cognitive engagement to promote willingness to communicate in English among junior high students

  2025cites this paper
• Non-English Major Students’ Interest on Applying Speaking In Daily Life

  2025cites this paper
• The Impact of ChatGPT Voice on Non-Majored Students’ Willingness to Communicate in a Vietnamese University

  2025influential citation
• Assessing Student Participation: Equity Concerns and Opportunities for Student Learning

  2025cites this paper
• Enhancing willingness to communicate in the second language through technology: the effects of community of practice, enjoyment, and boredom in online classes

  2025cites this paper
• The relative importance of peace of mind, grit, and classroom environment in predicting willingness to communicate among learners in multi-ethnic regions: a latent dominance analysis

  2025influential citation
• An in-depth study on students’ perceptions of key factors influencing their willingness to communicate in EFL classrooms

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring Chinese university students’ foreign language enjoyment, engagement and willingness to communicate in EFL speaking classes

  2025cites this paper
• Students' Perceptions on the Use of Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in the NSS Program on CXO Media

  2025cites this paper
• L2 Psychology Constructs and L2 Willingness to Communicate of L2 Learners in a Context of Low Exposure to English

  2025influential citation
• Renforcer la confiance en soi des eleves plurilingues a l’ecole primaire : une cle de la reussite scolaire ?

  2025cites this paper
• Willingness to communicate with artificial intelligence (AI)? insights from tracking EFL learners’ perceived acceptance and chat output

  2025cites this paper
• Attribution Analysis and Countermeasures of Silence Phenomenon in Public English Classes at Vocational Colleges

  2025cites this paper
• The role of L2 WTC and accommodative encounters with locals in Mainland Chinese students’ sociocultural adaptation to Hong Kong

  2025cites this paper
• Examining the association between teacher support and commitment as well as willingness to communicate in Chinese college students: The sequential mediation role of growth language mindset and enjoyment

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring anxiety among english learners: A comprehensive literature review

  2025cites this paper
• The relationship between grit and L2 willingness to communicate among Chinese undergraduate students: the contributions of foreign language enjoyment and anxiety

  2025influential citation
• The contribution of informal digital learning of English (IDLE) to achievement emotions and willingness to communicate: a cross-cultural investigation

  2025cites this paper
• Perceived Teacher Clarity and Willingness to Communicate in L2: The Mediating Effect of Enjoyment

  2025influential citation
• First-year university students' willingness to communicate in English language inside and outside the classroom: An investigative mixed method

  2025influential citation
• Promoting intercultural communicative competence and willingness to communicate in EFL learners through virtual reality: a mixed-methods examination

  2025cites this paper
• Students' Willingness to Communicate (WTC) in Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology in English-Speaking Practice

  2025cites this paper
• Chinese College Students’ Reticence in English Classes: A Narrative Grammar Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Accent Awareness of World Englishes: Impact on Language Learners’ Attitudes, Social Attractiveness, Willingness to Communicate, and Accent Prejudice

  2025cites this paper
• Developing a multimodal instructional module for teaching Chinese characters to nonnative beginners in Malaysia

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring the interplay of L2 motivational self system, communication anxiety, growth language mindset, and L2WTC: a study among Chinese middle school students

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring Chinese students’ engagement with student voice for social justice pedagogy: the role of classroom climate, willingness to communicate, and creative thinking

  2025cites this paper
• A Survey of the Level of Willingness to Communicate and Critical Thinking Among PhD Students

  2025cites this paper
• Pleasure-Driven Communication: A Study on Affective Factors and Interaction in Junior High School Foreign Language Classrooms

  2025cites this paper
• The Impact of Online Learning Formats on Emotional Responses and Academic Performance in EFL Courses : A Comparative Study of Real-time vs. Pre-recorded Classes

  2025influential citation