Parasitism, the diversity of life, and paleoparasitology.

The parasite-host-environment system is dynamic, with several points of equilibrium. This makes it difficult to trace the thresholds between benefit and damage, and therefore, the definitions of commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis become worthless. Therefore, the same concept of parasitism may encompass commensalism, mutualism, and symbiosis. Parasitism is essential for life. Life emerged as a consequence of parasitism at the molecular level, and intracellular parasitism created evolutive events that allowed species to diversify. An ecological and evolutive approach to the study of parasitism is presented here. Studies of the origin and evolution of parasitism have new perspectives with the development of molecular paleoparasitology, by which ancient parasite and host genomes can be recovered from disappeared populations. Molecular paleoparasitology points to host-parasite co-evolutive mechanisms of evolution traceable through genome retrospective studies.

• Publication year

  2003

• Venue

  Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1590/S0074-02762003000900003PMID 12687756
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Mirage of Health: Utopias, Progress, and Biological Change

  2018cited by this paper
• The evolution of cuckoo parasitism: a comparative analysis

  2002cited by this paper
• Why should parasite resistance be costly?

  2002cited by this paper
• Coping with crowds: Density-dependent disease resistance in desert locusts

  2002cited by this paper
• Obcells as Proto-Organisms: Membrane Heredity, Lithophosphorylation, and the Origins of the Genetic Code, the First Cells, and Photosynthesis

  2001influential reference
• Hitch-hiking parasite: a dark horse may be the real rider.

  2001cited by this paper
• The habitat and nature of early life

  2001influential reference
• The molecular evolution of Trypanosomatidae.

  2001cited by this paper
• Phylogeny of the kinetoplastida: taxonomic problems and insights into the evolution of parasitism.

  2001cited by this paper
• PERSPECTIVE: TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS, PARASITIC DNA, AND GENOME EVOLUTION

  2001cited by this paper
• Inherited microorganisms, sex-specific virulence and reproductive parasitism.

  2001cited by this paper
• The Diversity of Parasites

  2000cited by this paper
• The origin of cellular life.

  2000cited by this paper
• Are there pros as well as cons to being parasitized?

  2000cited by this paper
• Chagas disease and human migration.

  2000influential reference
• The concept of virulence.

  2000cited by this paper
• Paleo-parasitology and the antiquity of human host-parasite relationships.

  2000cited by this paper
• [Selective pressure in host-parasite systems].

  2000cited by this paper
• Du nouveau pour l'ADN ancien.

  2000cited by this paper
• Evolution of parasite virulence against qualitative or quantitative host resistance

  2000cited by this paper
• Host life history responses to parasitism.

  2000cited by this paper
• A Replicator Was Not Involved in the Origin of Life

  2000cited by this paper
• Viral diseases and human evolution.

  2000cited by this paper
• Susceptible hosts: a resort for parasites right in the eye of the immune response.

  2000cited by this paper
• Pressions sélectives dans les systèmes parasites-hôtes

  2000cited by this paper
• Paleoparasitology of Chagas disease revaled by infected tissues from Chilean mummies.

  2000cited by this paper
• Evolution of Evolvability a

  1999cited by this paper
• The evolution of two Trypanosoma cruzi subgroups inferred from rRNA genes can be correlated with the interchange of American mammalian faunas in the Cenozoic and has implications to pathogenicity and host specificity.

  1999cited by this paper
• Prebiotic cytosine synthesis: a critical analysis and implications for the origin of life.

  1999cited by this paper
• Population biology, evolution, and infectious disease: convergence and synthesis.

  1999cited by this paper
• The evolution of species interactions.

  1999cited by this paper
• The evolution of pathogenic trypanosomes.

  1999cited by this paper
• Further studies on fecal parasites in antiquity.

  1999cited by this paper
• The concept of virulence: interpretations and implications.

  1999influential reference
• Large satellite RNA: molecular parasitism or molecular symbiosis.

  1999cited by this paper
• Molecular parasitology goes cellular

  1999cited by this paper
• Evolution of evolvability.

  1999cited by this paper
• Intracellular life.

  1999cited by this paper
• Planetary environments and the origin of life.

  1999influential reference
• Helminth eggs in animal coprolites from a Middle Pleistocene site in Europe.

  1999cited by this paper
• How microbial ancient DNA, found in association with human remains, can be interpreted.

  1999cited by this paper
• A nonhyperthermophilic common ancestor to extant life forms.

  1999influential reference
• Isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in 4,000-year-old mummified human tissue from northern Chile.

  1999cited by this paper
• Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block.

  1999cited by this paper
• Chronostratigraphie des gisements archéologiques et paléontologiques de Sao Raimundo Nonato (Piaui, Brésil) : Contribution à la connaissance du peuplement Pléistocène de l'Amérique

  1999cited by this paper
• Reflections on the origin and evolution of life

  1998cited by this paper
• Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology.

  1998cited by this paper
• Perpetually mobile footprints of ancient infections in human genome

  1998cited by this paper
• A mitochondrial-like chaperonin 60 gene in Giardia lamblia: evidence that diplomonads once harbored an endosymbiont related to the progenitor of mitochondria.

  1998cited by this paper
• Emerging infections: an evolutionary perspective.

  1998cited by this paper
• The molecular phylogeny of trypanosomes: evidence for an early divergence of the Salivaria.

  1998cited by this paper
• Evolutionary control of infectious disease: prospects for vectorborne and waterborne pathogens.

  1998cited by this paper
• The origin of life--a review of facts and speculations.

  1998cited by this paper
• Evolution of virulence: a unified framework for coinfection and superinfection.

  1998cited by this paper
• Parasite extinction and colonisation and the evolution of parasite communities: a simulation study.

  1998cited by this paper
• The evolution of trypanosomes infecting humans and primates.

  1998cited by this paper
• An evolutionary definition of parasitism.

  1998cited by this paper
• Paleoparasitology: perspectives with new techniques.

  1998cited by this paper
• Endosymbioses: cyclical and permanent in evolution.

  1998cited by this paper
• The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria

  1998cited by this paper
• The Hamilton-Zuk theory and initial test: an examination of some parasitological criticisms.

  1997cited by this paper
• Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human mummies.

  1997cited by this paper
• Infectious disease as an evolutionary paradigm.

  1997cited by this paper
• The origins of parasitism in the platyhelminthes: a summary interpreted on the basis of recent literature.

  1997influential reference
• The origins of order-self-organization and selection in evolution

  1996cited by this paper
• The evolution and maintenance of virulence in microparasites.

  1996influential reference
• The evolution of life history strategies in parasitic animals.

  1996cited by this paper
• Parasites as host [corrected] evolutionary prints: insights into host evolution from parasitological data.

  1996cited by this paper
• Models of Parasite Virulence

  1996cited by this paper
• Parasites as to host evolutionary prints: Insights into host evolution from parasitological data

  1996cited by this paper
• Coinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence

  1995cited by this paper
• Evolution of the cell cycle.

  1995cited by this paper
• The evolution of virulence: a unifying link between parasitology and ecology.

  1995cited by this paper
• [A modern view of the evolution of virulence].

  1995cited by this paper
• Evolution of parasite life history traits: myths and reality.

  1995cited by this paper
• The origins of parasitism in the protists.

  1994cited by this paper
• The evolution of virulence in parasites and pathogens: reconciliation between two competing hypotheses.

  1994cited by this paper
• Niche restriction in parasites: proximate and ultimate causes

  1994cited by this paper
• Evolution of Infectious Disease

  1994cited by this paper
• The origins of parasitism in the platyhelminthes.

  1994cited by this paper
• Superinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence

  1994cited by this paper
• The origins of order

  1993cited by this paper
• Nematode larvae in fossilized animal coprolites from lower and middle Pleistocene sites, central Italy.

  1993cited by this paper
• The origin of chromosomes. I. Selection for linkage.

  1993cited by this paper
• Evolution of nuclear ribosomal RNAs in kinetoplastid protozoa: perspectives on the age and origins of parasitism.

  1993cited by this paper
• Eimeria oocysts in deer coprolites dated from 9,000 years BP

  1992cited by this paper
• Chagas' disease in Peruvian Inca mummy.

  1992cited by this paper
• The chronology of the new world: Two faces of one reality

  1991cited by this paper
• Evolution of parasitism: kinetoplastid protozoan history reconstructed from mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences.

  1991cited by this paper
• Human Settlements, Demographic Pattern, and Epidemiology in Lowland Amazonia: The Case of Chagas's Disease

  1988cited by this paper
• Evolution of parasitism: kinetoplastid protozoan history reconstructed from mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences.

  1988cited by this paper
• Chagas' disease in pre-Columbian South America.

  1985cited by this paper
• Selfish DNAs with self-restraint

  1984cited by this paper
• The significance of responses of the genome to challenge.

  1984cited by this paper
• The Evolution and Eradication of Infectious Diseases

  1983cited by this paper
• Parasites at the origin of life

  1983cited by this paper
• The Biology of Parasitism: An Introduction to the Study of Associating Organisms.

  1980cited by this paper
• An Introduction to Population Ecology

  1978cited by this paper
• O fenômeno parasitismo

  1973cited by this paper
• Parasitism and Symbiology

  1970cited by this paper

• Parasitology of the twenty-first century: are we moving in the right direction?

  2025cites this paper
• Prevalence of parasitism in fecal samples from maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and domestic dogs in the region of Serra da Canastra National Park, MG

  2025cites this paper
• Helminth Eggs from Pachycrocuta Brevirostris (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) Coprolites from Taurida Cave (Early Pleistocene, Crimea)

  2025cites this paper
• Recovering ancient parasites from Andean herbivores: test of the Mini-FLOTAC technique in archaeological samples

  2024cites this paper
• Gastrointestinal parasite diversity of South American camelids and its relationship with ancient Andean human populations from early Holocene to historical times in Southern Puna, Argentina

  2024cites this paper
• Gastrointestinal Parasites of Ancient Domestic Goats from the Archaeological Site Cueva Huenul 1, Patagonia, Argentina

  2024cites this paper
• Mitochondrial Enzyme Activities and Body Condition of Naturally Infected Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)

  2023cites this paper
• Deciphering Diets and Lifestyles of Prehistoric Humans through Paleoparasitology: A Review

  2023cites this paper
• Mycoviruses: trends in plant-fungus-mycovirus interactions and ‘biocontrol’ prospects in agriculture and the environment

  2023cites this paper
• Gastrointestinal parasites of domestic sheep from Patagonia throughout historical times: A paleoparasitological approach.

  2023cites this paper
• The influence of abiotic and biotic variables on the patent parasitemias of Trypanosoma spp. in Thrichomys fosteri (Rodentia: Echimyidae) in the southern Pantanal

  2022cites this paper
• parasitic study of cervicitis in women with diabetes in AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf Governorate

  2022cites this paper
• Paleogenetic and microscopic studies of Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) as a tool to reveal the zoological origin of coprolites: The case of study of artiodactyl coprolites from an archeological site from Patagonia, Argentina

  2022cites this paper
• The outcomes of polyparasitism in stray cats from Brazilian Midwest assessed by epidemiological, hematological and pathological data

  2022cites this paper
• Macroevolutionary analyses of ciliates associated with hosts support high diversification rates.

  2021cites this paper
• Paleoparasitological survey of coprolites of Darwin’s ground sloth Mylodon darwini (Xenarthra, Folivora: Mylodontidae) from Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument, Chilean Patagonia

  2021cites this paper
• Association Between Trichomonas vaginalis and Other Pathogens

  2021cites this paper
• Accessing Ancient Population Lifeways through the Study of Gastrointestinal Parasites: Paleoparasitology

  2021cites this paper
• The History of Insect Parasitism and the Mid-Mesozoic Parasitoid Revolution

  2021cites this paper
• Carnivore coprolites from “Gruta del Indio” site as source of paleoparasitological and paleoecological evidences (late Pleistocene-Holocene, Mendoza, Argentina)

  2021cites this paper
• Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment

  2020cites this paper
• Ancient parasites from a peat bog: New insights into animal presence and husbandry in Crete over the past 2000 years

  2020cites this paper
• “Unwanted Guests”: Evidence of Parasitic Infections in Archaeological Mortuary Contexts

  2020cites this paper
• A theory of the evolution of technology: Technological parasitism and the implications for innovation magement

  2020cites this paper
• Differential species traits of Trichostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda, Trichostrongylidae)

  2020cites this paper
• The influence of parasitism by Trypanosoma cruzi in the hematological parameters of the white ear opossum (Didelphis albiventris) from Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

  2019cites this paper
• Preface for Special Section on Archaeoparasitology: A Global Perspective on Ancient Parasites and Current Research Projects

  2019cites this paper
• Biology and mycovirus-assisted biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infecting vegetable and oilseed crops

  2019cites this paper
• Coprolites as Proxies for Paleoparasitology at Pilauco

  2019cites this paper
• The Symbiotic Spectrum: Where Do the Gregarines Fit?

  2019cites this paper
• Zoonotic parasites in feline coprolites from a holocenic mortuary context from eastern Patagonia (Argentina)

  2019cites this paper
• VALORES HEMATOLÓGICOS DE LOBINHOS (Cerdocyon thous) DO PANTANAL, MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRASIL NATURALMENTE INFECTADOS E NÃO INFECTADOS POR Trypanosoma cruzi e T. evansi

  2019cites this paper
• Noninvasive Sampling: Monitoring of Wild Carnivores and Their Parasites

  2019cites this paper
• Propagation and Application of Larval Parasitoids

  2019cites this paper
• Parasite Assemblages from Feline Coprolites through the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition in Patagonia: Cueva Huenul 1 Archaeological Site (Argentina)

  2019cites this paper
• Mycovirus associated hypovirulence, a potential method for biological control of Fusarium species

  2018cites this paper
• Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Southern Part of Iran

  2018cites this paper
• New paleoparasitological investigations from the pre-inca to hispanic contact period in northern Chile.

  2018cites this paper
• The University of Auckland

  2018cites this paper
• Parasitological study of mountain viscacha fecal pellets from patagonia over the last 1200 years (‘Cueva Peligro’, Chubut province, Argentina)

  2018cites this paper
• PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF SOME COMMON INTESTINAL PROTOZOA IN FOOD HANDLER-IN BAGHDAD

  2017cites this paper
• THE PROCESS OF Leishmania INFECTION - DISEASE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY

  2016cites this paper
• Microdilution in vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Species, From Mild Cutaneous to Bloodstream Infections

  2016cites this paper
• Health and epidemiological approaches of Trypanosoma evansi and equine infectious anemia virus in naturally infected horses at southern Pantanal.

  2016cites this paper
• The Paleoparasitology in Brazil and Findings in Human Remains from South America: A Review

  2016cites this paper
• Preface for Special Section on Paleoparasitology

  2016cites this paper
• Leishmania tarentolae molecular signatures in a 300 hundred-years-old human Brazilian mummy

  2015cites this paper
• Diversity and origins of human infectious diseases

  2015cites this paper
• Palaeoparasitology - Human Parasites in Ancient Material.

  2015influential citation
• Synthesizing Parasitology with Archaeology in Paleopathology

  2015cites this paper
• The Origin of Parasites of Humans

  2014cites this paper
• Insights about echinostomiasis by paleomolecular diagnosis.

  2014cites this paper
• A Retrospective Examination of Paleoparasitology and Its Establishment in the Journal of Parasitology

  2014cites this paper
• Part III-Parasite Findings in Archeological Remains : a paleogeographic view 21 . The Findings in North America

  2014cites this paper
• The Paleoepidemiology of Chagas disease

  2014cites this paper
• The Dispersal of Homo sapiens and the Peopling of the Continents

  2014cites this paper
• Methods in Paleoepidemiology and New Perspectives in Paleoparasitology

  2014cites this paper
• Parasites as Markers of Prehistoric Migrations

  2014cites this paper
• Part III-Parasite Findings in Archeological Remains : a paleogeographic view 25 . The Findings in Africa

  2014cites this paper
• Chemical Composition, Modulatory Bacterial Resistance and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil the Hyptis martiusii Benth by Direct and Gaseous Contact.

  2014cites this paper
• Parasitismo: origen e interés biologico

  2014cites this paper
• Prevalencia y grado de infección de nematodos gastrointestinales en ovinos de pelo en pastoreo de cuatro municipios de Cordoba, Colombia

  2014cites this paper
• ICONOGRAFÍA TIWANACOTA ZOOMORFA COMO INDICADOR DE DESPLAZAMIENTOS POBLACIONALES POSIBLEMENTE VINCULADOS A CICLOS DE TRANSMISIÓN ZOONÓTICA

  2014cites this paper
• Determinación de Organismos Biológicos en Coprolitos de Pobladores Precolombinos de la Ciudad Pesquera de Áspero

  2014cites this paper
• Prevalence and level of gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep of hair in grazing in four municipalities of Cordoba, Colombia.

  2014cites this paper
• Paleoparasitological study of rodent coprolites from "Los Altares" paleontological site, Patagonia, Argentina

  2014cites this paper
• Part II-Parasite Remains Preserved in Various Materials and Techniques in Microscopy and Molecular Diagnosis

  2014cites this paper
• Manual resumido para recolha de amostras para estudos paleoparasitológicos e de paleodieta

  2014cites this paper
• The Findings in South America

  2014cites this paper
• Part I-Parasites , Human Hosts , and the Environment 6

  2014cites this paper
• The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

  2013cites this paper
• HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION: REGULATORY T CELLS AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

  2013cites this paper
• Paleoparasitology: the origin of human parasites.

  2013cites this paper
• Paleoparasitology and paleopathology. Synergies for reconstructing the past of human infectious diseases and their pathocenosis.

  2013cites this paper
• A Megafauna’s Microfauna: Gastrointestinal Parasites of New Zealand’s Extinct Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)

  2013cites this paper
• The Study of Parasites through Time: Archaeoparasitology and Paleoparasitology

  2012cites this paper
• Zoonotic and Human Parasites of Inhabitants of Cueva de Los Muertos Chiquitos, Rio Zape Valley, Durango, Mexico

  2012cites this paper
• "Isolamento, identificação clássica e análise molecular de bactérias provenientes de coprólitos de sítios arqueológicos brasileiros"

  2012cites this paper
• DIET, DISEASE AND DEATH AT DAKHLEH: A HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF TEN MUMMIES FROM THE KELLIS 1 CEMETERY IN THE DAKHLEH OASIS, EGYPT.

  2012cites this paper
• Synthesizing Parasitology with Archaeologyin Paleopathology

  2012cites this paper
• Co-infecção por Ehrlichia canis, Leishmania chagasi e Babesia canis em cães naturalmente infectados em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul

  2012cites this paper
• Paleoparasitological Findings in Medieval and Early Modern Archaeological Deposits from Hradební Street, Chrudim, Czech Republic

  2011cites this paper
• OCORRÊNCIA DE PARASITOSES INTESTINAIS ENTRE CRIANÇAS DA CRECHE MENINO JESUS DO MUNICÍPIO DE DORES DO INDAIÁ, MINAS GERAIS

  2011cites this paper
• PALEOEPIDEMIOLOGY OF INTESTINAL PARASITES AND LICE IN PRE-COLUMBIAN SOUTH AMERICA * PALEOEPIDEMIOLOGíA DE PARÁSITOS INTESTINALES Y PIOJOS EN SUDAMÉRICA PRECOLOMBINA

  2011cites this paper
• Chagas disease in prehistory.

  2011cites this paper
• A odisseia do homem contada por outros navegantes

  2010cites this paper
• Los parásitos en el túnel del tiempo

  2010cites this paper
• Modalités fonctionnelles et évolutives des parasitoses développées par les crabes Pinnotheridae aux dépens des échinides fouisseurs

  2010cites this paper
• [Parasites in the time tunnel].

  2010cites this paper
• [Man's odyssey told by other navigators].

  2010cites this paper
• A parasitological paradox: Why is ascarid infection so rare in the prehistoric Americas?

  2010cites this paper
• Estado nutricional y parasitosis intestinales en niños residentes en zonas urbana, periurbana y rural del partido de Brandsen (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

  2010cites this paper
• Medicine in the 21st century: towards a Darwinian medical epistemology.

  2009cites this paper
• Parasitismo em populações pré-colombianas: helmintos de animais em coprólitos de origem humana do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, PI, Brasil

  2009influential citation
• Environment, interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi and its host, and health.

  2009cites this paper
• Animal helminths in human archaeological remains: a review of zoonoses in the past.

  2009cites this paper
• Paleoparasitology at "Place d'Armes", Namur, Belgium: a biostatistics analysis of trichurid eggs between the Old and New World.

  2009cites this paper
• Paleoparasitology of Chagas disease--a review.

  2009cites this paper
• Parasite findings in archeological remains : Diagnosis and interpretation

  2008cites this paper
• REFLEXÕES SOBRE A ORIGEM E A EVOLUÇÃO REFLEXÕES SOBRE A ORIGEM E A EVOLUÇÃO REFLEXÕES SOBRE A ORIGEM E A EVOLUÇÃO REFLEXÕES SOBRE A ORIGEM E A EVOLUÇÃO REFLEXÕES SOBRE A ORIGEM E A EVOLUÇÃO

  2007cites this paper