Deep networks trained on demonstrations of human driving have learned to follow roads and avoid obstacles. However, driving policies trained via imitation learning cannot be controlled at test time. A vehicle trained end-to-end to imitate an expert cannot be guided to take a specific turn at an upcoming intersection. This limits the utility of such systems. We propose to condition imitation learning on high-level command input. At test time, the learned driving policy functions as a chauffeur that handles sensorimotor coordination but continues to respond to navigational commands. We evaluate different architectures for conditional imitation learning in vision-based driving. We conduct experiments in realistic three-dimensional simulations of urban driving and on a 1/5 scale robotic truck that is trained to drive in a residential area. Both systems drive based on visual input yet remain responsive to high-level navigational commands.
End-to-End Driving Via Conditional Imitation Learning
Felipe Codevilla,Matthias Müller,Alexey Dosovitskiy,Antonio M. López,V. Koltun
Published 2017 in IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
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- Publication year
2017
- Venue
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation
- Publication date
2017-10-06
- Fields of study
Computer Science, Engineering
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