Glucose is an essential metabolic substrate of all mammalian cells. D-glucose is the major carbohydrate presented to the cell for energy production and many other anabolic requirements. Glucose and other monosaccharides are transported across the intestinal wall to the hepatic portal vein and then to liver cells and other tissues. There they are converted to fatty acids, amino acids, and glycogen, or are oxidized by the various catabolic pathways of cells. Most tissues and organs, such as the brain, need glucose constantly, as an important source of energy. The low blood concentrations of glucose can causes seizures, loss of consciousness, and death. On the other hand, long lasting elevation of blood glucose concentrations, can result in blindness, renal failure, vascular disease, and neuropathy. Therefore, blood glucose concentrations need to be maintained within narrow limits. The process of maintaining blood glucose at a steady-state level is called glucose homeostasis. This is accomplished by the finely hormone regulation of peripheral glucose uptake, heaptic glucose production and glucose uptake during carbohydrate ingestion. This maintenance is achieved through a balance of several factors, including the rate of consumption and intestinal absorption of dietary carbohydrate, the rate of utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues and the loss of glucose through the kidney tubule, and the rate of removal or release of glucose by the liver and kidney. To avoid postprandial hyperglycemia (uncontrolled increases in blood glucose levels following meals) and fasting hypoglycemia (decreased in blood glucose levels during periods of fasting), the body can adjust levels by a variety of cellular mechanisms. Important mechanisms are conveyed by hormones, cytokines, and fuel substrates and are sensed through of cellular mechanisms. Diabetes mellitus is one of the clinical manifestations of long-term metabolic abnormalities involving multiple organs and hormonal pathways that impair the body’s ability to maintain glucose homeostasis. As a result of impaired glucose homeostasis is a hyperglycemia. Prolonged elevation of blood glucose concentrations causes a number of complications like blindness, renal failure, cardiac and peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, foot ulcers, and limb amputation. Vascular complications represent the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. Hypoglycemia is abnormally low levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Low levels of sugar in the blood interfere with the function of much organ system. A person with hypoglycemia may feel weak, drowsy, confused, hungry, and dizzy. The other signs of low blood sugar are: paleness, headache, irritability, trembling, sweating, rapid heart beat, and a cold. The
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- Publication year
2011
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Unknown venue
- Publication date
2011-11-09
- Fields of study
Biology, Medicine
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