Co-infection of tuberculosis and parasitic diseases in humans: a systematic review

Co-infection of tuberculosis and parasitic diseases in humans is an important public problem in co-endemic areas in developing countries. However, there is a paucity of studies on co-infection and even fewer reviews. This review examines 44 appropriate papers by PRISMA from 289 papers searched in PubMed via the NCBI Entrez system (no grey literature) up to December 2012 in order to analyze the factors that influence epidemic and host’s immunity of co-infection. The limited evidence in this review indicates that most common parasite species are concurrent with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in multiple organs; socio-demographics such as gender and age, special populations with susceptibility such as renal transplant recipients, patients on maintenance haemodialysis, HIV positive patients and migrants, and living in or coming from co-endemic areas are all likely to have an impact on co-infection. Pulmonary tuberculosis and parasitic diseases were shown to be risk factors for each other. Co-infection may significantly inhibit the host’s immune system, increase antibacterial therapy intolerance and be detrimental to the prognosis of the disease; in addition, infection with parasitic diseases can alter the protective immune response to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

• Publication year

  2013

• Venue

  Parasites & Vectors

• Publication date

  2013-03-22

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-6-79PMID 23522098PMCID 3614457
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Impact of filarial infections on coincident intracellular pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum

  2012influential reference
• ‘Coinfection-helminthes and tuberculosis’

  2012cited by this paper
• Immunological Mechanisms by Which Concomitant Helminth Infections Predispose to the Development of Human Tuberculosis

  2012cited by this paper
• Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Combined with Disseminated Tuberculosis

  2012influential reference
• Natural Transmission of Plasmodium berghei Exacerbates Chronic Tuberculosis in an Experimental Co-Infection Model

  2012influential reference
• The Impact of Asymptomatic Helminth Co-Infection in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis in North-West Ethiopia

  2012influential reference
• Chronic Helminth Infection Does Not Exacerbate Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

  2012influential reference
• Malaria Infections Do Not Compromise Vaccine-Induced Immunity against Tuberculosis in Mice

  2011cited by this paper
• Toxoplasma, Toxocara and Tuberculosis co-infection in a four year old child

  2011influential reference
• Perinatal malaria and tuberculosis co-infection: a case report.

  2010influential reference
• Co‐infection of mucosal leishmaniasis and extra pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient with inherent immune deficiency

  2010influential reference
• A study of gender differentials in the prevalence of tuberculosis based on NFHS-2 and NFHS-3 data

  2010cited by this paper
• Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), HIV and pulmonary tuberculosis.

  2010influential reference
• The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration

  2009cited by this paper
• Concomitant tuberculosis and hydatid cyst in a solitary pulmonary nodule of left lower lobe

  2009influential reference
• Human cases of simultaneous echinococcosis and tuberculosis - significance and extent in China

  2009cited by this paper
• The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration

  2009cited by this paper
• Profiling of proteolytic enzymes in the gut of the tick Ixodes ricinus reveals an evolutionarily conserved network of aspartic and cysteine peptidases

  2008cited by this paper
• HIV and parasitic co-infections in tuberculosis patients: a cross-sectional study in Mwanza, Tanzania

  2007influential reference
• Chronic helminth infections may negatively influence immunity against tuberculosis and other diseases of public health importance

  2007cited by this paper
• Co-infection between tuberculosis and malaria: A consideration on interaction of molecules and pathogenesis.

  2006influential reference
• In vivo culture of Cryptosporidium oocysts for laboratory use.

  2006cited by this paper
• Intestinal helminth co‐infection has a negative impact on both anti‐Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy

  2006cited by this paper
• Intestinal parasites in adults admitted to a rural Ethiopian hospital: Relationship to tuberculosis and malaria

  2006influential reference
• Visceral leishmaniasis and tuberculosis in patients with HIV co-infection.

  2006influential reference
• Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis presenting as granulomatous hepatitis in an immigrant from the Philippines with pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous lymphadenitis, and a history of alcohol abuse.

  2006influential reference
• Nexus of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis: a case report from Bihar, India.

  2005influential reference
• Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

  2005cited by this paper
• REPORT : MODULATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION BY PLASMODIUM IN THE MURINE MODEL

  2004cited by this paper
• Infection rates with Leishmania donovani and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a village in eastern Sudan

  2004influential reference
• [A case of liver multiple hydatidosis complicated by tuberculosis in liver and abdominal cavity].

  2004influential reference
• [Functioning of opisthorchiasis-tuberculosis parasitocenosis at different stages of invasion (experimental investigation)].

  2003cited by this paper
• [Functioning of opisthorchiasis-tuberculosis parasitocenosis at different stages of invasion (experimental investigation)].

  2003influential reference
• A renal transplant recipient with pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis: review of superimposed infections and therapy approaches.

  2003influential reference
• American cutaneous leishmaniasis, lepromatous leprosy, and pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection with downregulation of the T-helper 1 cell response.

  2003influential reference
• Can the efficacy of bacille calmette-guérin tuberculosis vaccine be affected by intestinal parasitic infections?

  2002cited by this paper
• Cardiac hydatid cyst in a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis.

  2002influential reference
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adult HIV negative patient

  2001influential reference
• Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis complicating tropical elephantiasis.

  2001influential reference
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis in an adult HIV negative patient.

  2001influential reference
• Lymph node infection by Trichomonas tenax: report of a case with co-infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

  2000influential reference
• The host response in malaria and depression of defence against tuberculosis.

  1999influential reference
• The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador

  1997cited by this paper
• Global tuberculosis control : WHO report

  1997cited by this paper
• Visceral leishmaniasis and renal tuberculosis in a patient on maintenance haemodialysis.

  1996influential reference
• Concurrent mucosal leishmaniasis and pulmonary tuberculosis.

  1996influential reference
• Interrelation of strongyloidiasis and tuberculosis.

  1994influential reference
• Hydatid disease in the Hamar of Ethiopia: a public health problem for women.

  1993cited by this paper
• [The formation of host-parasite relationships in an experimental mixed pathology of opisthorchiasis-tuberculosis as dependent on the phase of the Opisthorchis infestation].

  1992cited by this paper
• [The formation of host-parasite relationships in an experimental mixed pathology of opisthorchiasis-tuberculosis as dependent on the phase of the Opisthorchis infestation].

  1992influential reference
• [Anthelmintic therapy of opisthorchiasis in patients with active tuberculosis].

  1992influential reference
• Coexistent hydatid disease and pulmonary tuberculosis in a five year old girl.

  1991influential reference
• Atrial natriuretic factor: current understanding.

  1991cited by this paper
• [Tuberculosis of the lungs complicated by opisthorchiasis under conditions of the extreme north].

  1989influential reference
• Tuberculosis of the lungs complicated by opisthorchiasis under conditions of the extreme north

  1989influential reference
• Sequential disseminated tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis in a Haitian refugee.

  1984influential reference
• [Prevalence Of Intestinal Helminthic Infections And Skin Tests For Paragonimus And Clonorchis In Tuberculosis Patients]

  1984influential reference
• COEXISTENT HOOKWORM AND TUBERCULOSIS

  1946cited by this paper
• Coexistent hookworm and tuberculosis.

  1946cited by this paper
• How to treat pulmonary tuberculosis case running concurrently with malaria.

  1945cited by this paper
• How to treat pulmonary tuberculosis case running concurrently with malaria.

  1945cited by this paper

• Advances in tuberculosis co-infections: Mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapeutics.

  2026cites this paper
• Association of Escherichia coli pathotypes with fecal markers of enteropathy and nutritional status among underweight adults in Bangladesh

  2025cites this paper
• An Update on Clinical and Pathogenic Spectra of Leishmaniasis

  2025cites this paper
• Coinfections in Tuberculosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Epidemiology, Clinical Implications, Diagnostic Challenges, and Management Strategies—A Narrative Review

  2025cites this paper
• Antischistosomal Potential of Animal-Derived Natural Products and Compounds

  2025cites this paper
• Coinfection of small ruminant lentivirus and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in dairy goats

  2025cites this paper
• Adopting Organoid Technology for Co-infections: Innovative Solutions for Infectious Diseases and Cancer Therapy.

  2025cites this paper
• The co-infection of lophomoniasis and tuberculosis in patients with respiratory symptoms; case series and literature review

  2025cites this paper
• Parasitic infection prevalence in tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon

  2025cites this paper
• Mathematical Analysis of a Tuberculosis-Schistosomiasis Co-infection Model with Vaccination and Treatment

  2025cites this paper
• Neutral Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection on the Recombination-Driven Evolution of Endemic HCoV-OC43

  2025cites this paper
• Tuberculosis case fatality is higher in male than female patients in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Seroepidemiological study on coinfection of toxoplasmosis and active tuberculosis in Northern Iran: a case control study

  2024cites this paper
• Clinical and immunologic features of co-infection in COVID-19 patients, along with potential traditional Chinese medicine treatments

  2024cites this paper
• Disseminated Abdomen Hydatidosis: A Case Report

  2024cites this paper
• The co-infection of pulmonary hydatid cyst, lophomoniasis and tuberculosis in a patient with resistant respiratory symptoms; a case report study

  2024influential citation
• A histopathological study in road-killed European badgers (Meles meles) from the English midlands with isolation of novel non-tuberculous atypical mycobacteria

  2024cites this paper
• Renal jejunal fistula with worm infestation: A rare case report from a pediatric patient

  2024cites this paper
• Strongyloidiasis co-occurrence with tuberculosis and aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients: a global scoping review

  2024cites this paper
• Intestinal Parasitic Infections May Be Overlooked Drivers of the Tuberculosis Pandemic.

  2024cites this paper
• Immunological and Haematological Relevance of Helminths and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Coinfection among Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients from Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso

  2024cites this paper
• A morphological and molecular approach to investigating infectious disease in early medieval Iberia: The necropolis of La Olmeda (Palencia, Spain).

  2024cites this paper
• Causes of Backward Bifurcation in a Tuberculosis-Schistosomiasis Co-infection Dynamics

  2024cites this paper
• Dual Antitubercular and Antileishmanial Profiles of Quinoxaline Di-N-Oxides Containing an Amino Acidic Side Chain

  2024cites this paper
• Deep Insight to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb): Causes, Symptoms, Diagnostics, Treatment, Risk Assessment & Recent Advances

  2023cites this paper
• Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection.

  2023cites this paper
• Micro-nanoemulsion and nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery against drug-resistant tuberculosis: recent developments

  2023cites this paper
• Annual short-burst mass anthelmintic administration reduces tuberculosis severity but not prevalence in a wildlife reservoir

  2023cites this paper
• Healthcare Policies to Eliminate Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in India: A Roadmap

  2023cites this paper
• Magnitude and predisposing factors of intestinal parasitosis and tuberculosis coinfection at five health institutions in Southern Ethiopia: A cross‐sectional study

  2023cites this paper
• Assessment of Serum Amyloid Protein A, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and some Liver Enzymes in HIV seropositive with Malaria co-infection in NAUTH Nnewi, Nigeria

  2023cites this paper
• Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) drug efficacy study landscape: A systematic scoping review of clinical trials and observational studies to assess the feasibility of establishing an individual participant-level data (IPD) platform

  2023cites this paper
• Analysis of coexisting pathogens in nasopharyngeal swabs from COVID-19

  2023cites this paper
• Co-Infection Rates between SARS-CoV-2 and RSV in Oropharyngeal, Nasopharyngeal Aspirate and Saliva Samples of COVID-19 Patients, Shiraz, South of Iran

  2023cites this paper
• A Colony without a Cough? A Bioarchaeological Exploration of Tuberculosis at the Eighteenth-Century Fortress of Louisbourg, Canada

  2023cites this paper
• Modeling visceral leishmaniasis and tuberculosis co-infection dynamics

  2023cites this paper
• Co-infection of COVID-19 and parasitic diseases: A systematic review

  2023cites this paper
• A review of tuberculosis and parasitic disease co-infection in ungulates, with regard to the potential threat to European bison (Bison bonasus).

  2023cites this paper
• Multigene typing of Giardia Duodenalis isolated from tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis subjects

  2023cites this paper
• Prevalence and Clinical Relevance of Schistosoma mansoni Co-Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review

  2023influential citation
• First‐in‐class pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones against leishmaniasis and tuberculosis: Rationale, in vitro, ex vivo studies and mechanistic insights

  2022cites this paper
• Diagnosing parasitic infestation in a patient with tuberculosis

  2022cites this paper
• An Annotated Inventory of Tanzanian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for the Treatment of Respiratory Bacterial Infections

  2022cites this paper
• Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites among Tuberculosis and Non-Tuberculosis Patients Attending Hospitals in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

  2022cites this paper
• Synthesis and Initial Testing of Novel Antimalarial and Antitubercular Isonicotinohydrazides

  2022cites this paper
• Bacterial Co-Infection in Patients with COVID-19 Hospitalized (ICU and Not ICU): Review and Meta-Analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Fungal Coinfections in COVID-19-Positive Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia

  2022cites this paper
• Immunological Interactions between Intestinal Helminth Infections and Tuberculosis

  2022cites this paper
• Assessment effects and risk of nosocomial infection and needle sticks injuries among patents and health care worker

  2022cites this paper
• Tuberculosis in elderly persons.

  2022cites this paper
• Pyridoxal kinase of disease-causing human parasites: structural and functional insights to understand its role in drug discovery.

  2022cites this paper
• Opportunistic infections in elderly TB patients.

  2022cites this paper
• Effects of parasites coinfection with other pathogens on animal host: A literature review

  2022influential citation
• SARS-CoV-2 and Chlamydia pneumoniae co-infection: A review of the literature

  2022cites this paper
• Prevalence and risks of tuberculosis multimorbidity in low-income and middle-income countries: a meta-review

  2022cites this paper
• Microbiological analysis of secondary bacterial infections in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus

  2021cites this paper
• Easy-To-Access Quinolone Derivatives Exhibiting Antibacterial and Anti-Parasitic Activities

  2021cites this paper
• The chemical constituents and biological activities of Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh, a Mexican medicinal species, and plant cell cultures for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites

  2021cites this paper
• Decreased neutrophil phagocytosis and killing of bacteria in COVID-19 patients

  2021cites this paper
• Viral coinfections in COVID‐19

  2021cites this paper
• Morphological and Molecular Identification of Emerged Lophomonas blattarum Infection in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran: First Registry-Based Study

  2021cites this paper
• Coinfections in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: A Descriptive Study from the United Arab Emirates

  2021cites this paper
• Decreased neutrophil‐mediated bacterial killing in COVID‐19 patients

  2021cites this paper
• Determination of variable region sequences from hybridoma immunoglobulins that target Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence factors

  2021cites this paper
• Mathematical Modeling and Simulation to Control the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis

  2021cites this paper
• Macrophage innate training induced by IL-4 and IL-13 activation enhances OXPHOS driven anti-mycobacterial responses

  2021cites this paper
• Bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients and their possible treatments

  2021cites this paper
• Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae), a medicinal plant traditionally used in small ruminant breeding in West and Central Africa: zootechnical performances, pharmacological activities and chemical compositions (bibliography synthesis)

  2021cites this paper
• Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients infected with tuberculosis; a sero-molecular case-control study in northwest Iran.

  2021cites this paper
• IPSE, a urogenital parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecule, suppresses bladder pathogenesis and anti-microbial peptide gene expression in bacterial urinary tract infection

  2020cites this paper
• The helminth parasites of Irish badgers: an untold story

  2020cites this paper
• Co-infection and Nutrition: Integrating Ecological and Epidemiological Perspectives

  2020cites this paper
• Evaluation of Serum Interleukin 6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha, and Interferon-Gamma Levels in Relation to Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure in HIV Seropositive Pregnant Women Coinfected with Malaria

  2020cites this paper
• Outcomes of visceral leishmaniasis in pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study from South Sudan

  2020cites this paper
• Interactions of Schistosoma and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.

  2020cites this paper
• Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods

  2020cites this paper
• Application of Optimal Control to Influenza Pneumonia Coinfection with Antiviral Resistance

  2020cites this paper
• Co-infection with respiratory pathogens among COVID-2019 cases

  2020cites this paper
• A Case–Control Study on the Association Between Intestinal Helminth Infections and Treatment Failure in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

  2020cites this paper
• Non-coronavirus Genome Sequences Identified from Metagenomic Analysis of Clinical Samples from COVID-19 Infected Patients: An Evidence for Co-infection

  2020cites this paper
• Occurrence of multiple genotype infection caused by Leishmania infantum in naturally infected dogs

  2020cites this paper
• Codetection of pulmonary tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis in a pediatric bronchoalveolar lavage specimen: A cytologist's assistance to clinical management

  2020cites this paper
• A rare case of coexisting tuberculosis with hydatid disease from North India with review of literature

  2020cites this paper
• Hydatid Disease: A Study From Northeast India

  2020cites this paper
• New-Onset Cervical Lymphadenopathy in a Patient Undergoing Treatment of Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection: Toxoplasmosis Lymphadenitis

  2020cites this paper
• Intestinal parasites and HIV in Ethiopian tuberclosis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  2020cites this paper
• Clinical and Laboratory Presentation of Hydatid Disease: A Study From Northeast India

  2020cites this paper
• Leishmaniasis and Tuberculosis Concurrent Infection in Humans and Animals in Kala-azar Endemic Areas of Bangladesh

  2020cites this paper
• Effectiveness of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Urinary Antigen Testing in Decreasing Mortality of COVID-19 Co-Infected Patients: A Clinical Investigation

  2020cites this paper
• Non-SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences identified in clinical samples from COVID-19 infected patients: Evidence for co-infections

  2020cites this paper
• IPSE, a Urogenital Parasite-Derived Immunomodulatory Molecule, Suppresses Bladder Pathogenesis and Anti-Microbial Peptide Gene Expression in Bacterial Urinary Tract Co-Infection

  2020cites this paper
• Intestinal parasites and human immuno virus in Ethiopian tuberclosis patients: A Systematic review and meta-analysis.

  2019cites this paper
• A metaproteomics approach reveals changes in mandibular lymph node microbiota of wild boar naturally exposed to an increasing trend of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection.

  2019cites this paper
• Intestinal parasites co-infection and associated factors among active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in selected health centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: unmatched case control study

  2019cites this paper
• Coinfection of diarrheagenic bacterial and viral pathogens in piglets of Northeast region of India

  2019cites this paper
• Design, synthesis, and antimycobacterial activity of novel ciprofloxacin derivatives

  2019cites this paper
• Prevalence of toxoplasmosis as coinfection in Iraqi patients infected with tuberculosis.

  2019cites this paper
• Neglected Factors Affecting the Burden of Tuberculosis.

  2019cites this paper
• New Quinolone-Based Thiosemicarbazones Showing Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  2019cites this paper
• Examining the Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Diseases in Children

  2019cites this paper