Integral Human Pose Regression

State-of-the-art human pose estimation methods are based on heat map representation. In spite of the good performance, the representation has a few issues in nature, such as not differentiable and quantization error. This work shows that a simple integral operation relates and unifies the heat map representation and joint regression, thus avoiding the above issues. It is differentiable, efficient, and compatible with any heat map based methods. Its effectiveness is convincingly validated via comprehensive ablation experiments under various settings, specifically on 3D pose estimation, for the first time.

• Publication year

  2017

• Venue

  European Conference on Computer Vision

• Publication date

  2017-11-22

• Fields of study

  Computer Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-01231-1_33arXiv 1711.08229
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Numerical Coordinate Regression with Convolutional Neural Networks

  2018influential reference
• Unsupervised Learning of Object Landmarks by Factorized Spatial Embeddings

  2017cited by this paper
• Learning Pose Grammar to Encode Human Body Configuration for 3D Pose Estimation

  2017cited by this paper
• Structure-Aware and Temporally Coherent 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2017cited by this paper
• Generating Multiple Hypotheses for Human 3D Pose Consistent with 2D Joint Detections

  2017cited by this paper
• Multi-context Attention for Human Pose Estimation

  2017influential reference
• Towards 3D Human Pose Estimation in the Wild: A Weakly-Supervised Approach

  2017cited by this paper
• Self Adversarial Training for Human Pose Estimation

  2017influential reference
• MonoCap: Monocular Human Motion Capture using a CNN Coupled with a Geometric Prior

  2017cited by this paper
• Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation by Predicting Depth on Joints

  2017cited by this paper
• Deformable Convolutional Networks

  2017cited by this paper
• Learning Feature Pyramids for Human Pose Estimation

  2017influential reference
• Compositional Human Pose Regression

  2017influential reference
• Exploiting Temporal Information for 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2017cited by this paper
• Mask R-CNN

  2017influential reference
• Human Pose Regression by Combining Indirect Part Detection and Contextual Information

  2017cited by this paper
• Towards Accurate Multi-person Pose Estimation in the Wild

  2017influential reference
• Adversarial PoseNet: A Structure-Aware Convolutional Network for Human Pose Estimation

  2017influential reference
• End-to-End Recovery of Human Shape and Pose

  2017cited by this paper
• Generating Multiple Diverse Hypotheses for Human 3D Pose Consistent with 2D Joint Detections

  2017cited by this paper
• A Simple Yet Effective Baseline for 3d Human Pose Estimation

  2017cited by this paper
• Lifting from the Deep: Convolutional 3D Pose Estimation from a Single Image

  2017cited by this paper
• An Efficient Convolutional Network for Human Pose Estimation

  2016cited by this paper
• Structured Feature Learning for Pose Estimation

  2016cited by this paper
• LIFT: Learned Invariant Feature Transform

  2016cited by this paper
• Deep Kinematic Pose Regression

  2016cited by this paper
• Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions

  2016cited by this paper
• End-to-End Learning of Deformable Mixture of Parts and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Human Pose Estimation

  2016cited by this paper
• Coarse-to-Fine Volumetric Prediction for Single-Image 3D Human Pose

  2016influential reference
• DeeperCut: A Deeper, Stronger, and Faster Multi-person Pose Estimation Model

  2016cited by this paper
• Human Pose Estimation Using Deep Consensus Voting

  2016influential reference
• Learning to Fuse 2D and 3D Image Cues for Monocular Body Pose Estimation

  2016cited by this paper
• Chained Predictions Using Convolutional Neural Networks

  2016cited by this paper
• MoCap-guided Data Augmentation for 3D Pose Estimation in the Wild

  2016influential reference
• Keep It SMPL: Automatic Estimation of 3D Human Pose and Shape from a Single Image

  2016cited by this paper
• Stacked Hourglass Networks for Human Pose Estimation

  2016influential reference
• 3D Human Pose Estimation = 2D Pose Estimation + Matching

  2016influential reference
• Realtime Multi-person 2D Pose Estimation Using Part Affinity Fields

  2016cited by this paper
• Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation in the Wild Using Improved CNN Supervision

  2016cited by this paper
• 3D Human Pose Estimation from a Single Image via Distance Matrix Regression

  2016cited by this paper
• Human Pose Estimation via Convolutional Part Heatmap Regression

  2016influential reference
• Convolutional Pose Machines

  2016influential reference
• 3D Human pose estimation: A review of the literature and analysis of covariates

  2016cited by this paper
• Direct Prediction of 3D Body Poses from Motion Compensated Sequences

  2015influential reference
• Human Pose Estimation with Iterative Error Feedback

  2015influential reference
• Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks

  2015cited by this paper
• A Dual-Source Approach for 3D Pose Estimation from a Single Image

  2015influential reference
• Bottom-Up and Top-Down Reasoning with Hierarchical Rectified Gaussians

  2015cited by this paper
• End-to-End Training of Deep Visuomotor Policies

  2015cited by this paper
• MXNet: A Flexible and Efficient Machine Learning Library for Heterogeneous Distributed Systems

  2015cited by this paper
• Sparseness Meets Deepness: 3D Human Pose Estimation from Monocular Video

  2015influential reference
• Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift

  2015cited by this paper
• Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition

  2015cited by this paper
• DeepCut: Joint Subset Partition and Labeling for Multi Person Pose Estimation

  2015influential reference
• 2D Human Pose Estimation: New Benchmark and State of the Art Analysis

  2014influential reference
• Efficient object localization using Convolutional Networks

  2014cited by this paper
• Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization

  2014cited by this paper
• Joint Training of a Convolutional Network and a Graphical Model for Human Pose Estimation

  2014cited by this paper
• Human3.6M: Large Scale Datasets and Predictive Methods for 3D Human Sensing in Natural Environments

  2014cited by this paper
• Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context

  2014influential reference
• Poselet Conditioned Pictorial Structures

  2013influential reference
• DeepPose: Human Pose Estimation via Deep Neural Networks

  2013cited by this paper
• Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines

  2010cited by this paper
• ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database

  2009cited by this paper
• A Survey of Computer Vision-Based Human Motion Capture

  2001cited by this paper
• Generalized procrustes analysis

  1975cited by this paper

• Advancing depth-based semi-supervised three-dimensional hand pose estimation with consistency training

  2026cites this paper
• HEViTPose: towards high-accuracy and efficient 2D human pose estimation with cascaded group spatial reduction attention

  2026cites this paper
• BBoxMaskPose v2: Expanding Mutual Conditioning to 3D

  2026cites this paper
• Double-Chain Graph Convolution Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2026cites this paper
• UNet-Based Keypoint Regression for 3D Cone Localization in Autonomous Racing

  2026cites this paper
• Keypoint-Based Angle Estimation for SAR Images With Bayesian Ambiguity Optimization

  2026cites this paper
• Hsa-dmt: hierarchical structure-aware embedding and dual-mode temporal modeling for challenging 3D human pose estimation

  2026cites this paper
• PCFEx: Point Cloud Feature Extraction for Graph Neural Networks

  2026cites this paper
• HyT-Pose: Accurate Pose Estimation by Iteratively Fusing Global and Local Context

  2026cites this paper
• 3D human pose estimation-based action recognition method for complex industrial scenarios

  2026cites this paper
• SARS: A Novel Face and Body Shape and Appearance Aware 3D Reconstruction System extends Morphable Models

  2026cites this paper
• Thinking with Images as Continuous Actions: Numerical Visual Chain-of-Thought

  2026cites this paper
• Learning From a Steady Hand: A Weakly Supervised Agent for Robot Assistance under Microscopy

  2026cites this paper
• Measurement of Echocardiographic Parameters in Various Cardiac Phases: A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models and Keypoint Representations

  2026cites this paper
• URPose: The model with unbiased rectified projection and reconstruction error for monocular unsupervised 3D human pose estimation

  2026cites this paper
• Superman: Unifying Skeleton and Vision for Human Motion Perception and Generation

  2026cites this paper
• LieGNN: A Geometry-Aware Framework for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition via Lie Group Trajectories

  2025cites this paper
• SP-HRNet: Shift-PConv Lightweight High-Resolution Network for Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• SGGC-Net: A High-Resolution Network with Lightened Residual Modules for Human Keypoints Detection

  2025cites this paper
• FastDDHPose: Towards Unified, Efficient, and Disentangled 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Research on Aircraft Key Point Detection Method Based on HRNet Network

  2025cites this paper
• TC-YOLO: An Improved Tai Chi Movement Pose Estimation Algorithm Based on YOLOv8

  2025influential citation
• EMGPose: An Efficient Multi-Granularity Representation for Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• MirrorPose: Enabling Full-Body Gestures Interaction for Head-Mounted Devices with a Full-Length Mirror

  2025cites this paper
• Grid Convolution for 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• DBMambaPose: Decoupled spatial-temporal bidirectional state space model for efficient 3D human pose estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Research Progress of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Livestock Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Transformer-Based Full-Body Pose Estimation for Rehabilitation via RGB Camera and IMU Fusion

  2025cites this paper
• Generalizable large language model based human keypoint localization for emotion recognition

  2025cites this paper
• Efficient 3D human pose estimation via spatio-temporal graph transformer with token pruning

  2025cites this paper
• RadProPoser: A Framework for Human Pose Estimation with Uncertainty Quantification from Raw Radar Data

  2025cites this paper
• Interpretable two-stage action quality assessment via 3D human pose estimation and dynamic feature alignment

  2025cites this paper
• Generalizable Object Keypoint Localization from Generative Priors

  2025cites this paper
• A Lightweight and Efficient Algorithm for Human Pose Estimation

  2025influential citation
• MVDoppler-Pose: Multi-Modal Multi-View mmWave Sensing for Long-Distance Self-Occluded Human Walking Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Breaking the 2D Barrier: 3D Human Pose Reconstruction with Graph Neural Networks

  2025cites this paper
• Uncertainty Quantification and Quality Control for Heatmap-Based Landmark Detection Models

  2025cites this paper
• Mapping the landscape of social behavior.

  2025cites this paper
• Revising Representation and Target Deviations for Accurate Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• End-to-end pose-action recognition via implicit pose encoding and multi-scale skeleton modeling

  2025cites this paper
• A Prior Representation-Guided Method for Low-Resolution Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Geometric-Guided Few-Shot Dental Landmark Detection with Human-Centric Foundation Model

  2025cites this paper
• KASportsFormer: Kinematic Anatomy Enhanced Transformer for 3D Human Pose Estimation on Short Sports Scene Video

  2025cites this paper
• A physical dynamical evolution learning model for human pose estimation network

  2025influential citation
• 2-D-to-3-D Lifting Human Pose Estimation Based on Simple Graph Convolution Regression

  2025cites this paper
• Multi-Task Keypoint Detection with Embedding Supervision for Robust X-ray and DRR Matching

  2025cites this paper
• Beyond Sparse Keypoints: Dense Pose Modeling for Robust Gait Recognition

  2025cites this paper
• Fully Automated Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle Measurement Based on Keypoint Detection

  2025cites this paper
• Excavator 3D pose estimation from point cloud with self‐supervised deep learning

  2025cites this paper
• Semi-supervised Learning for Detector-free Multi-person Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• HORT: Monocular Hand-held Objects Reconstruction with Transformers

  2025cites this paper
• KeyRegionPose: Region-Aware Feature Interaction and Multi-Scale Token Pruning for Efficient Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• PoseMoE: Mixture-of-Experts Network for Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• DISTFormer: Enhance 3D Human Pose Estimation via Dual Inverse-Order Spatial-Temporal Transformer

  2025cites this paper
• JANE: Joint Angle Networks Assisting 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• MiTPose: Multi-Granularity Guided Vision Transformer for Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Reconstructing Humans with a Biomechanically Accurate Skeleton

  2025cites this paper
• Continuous Normalizing Flows for Uncertainty-Aware Human Pose Estimation

  2025influential citation
• Temporal-Interim Pose Synthesis and Distillation for Dynamic Human Pose Estimation

  2025influential citation
• Multi-Anchor Offset Representation Based Coarse-to-Fine Diffusion Model for Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Enhancing 3D Human Pose Estimation: A Novel Post-Processing Method

  2025cites this paper
• Comparing Human Pose Estimation through deep learning approaches: An overview

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring Fine-Grained Human Motion Video Captioning

  2025cites this paper
• VMarker-Pro: Probabilistic 3D Human Mesh Estimation From Virtual Markers

  2025influential citation
• 3d freehand ultrasound reconstruction by reference-based point cloud registration

  2025cites this paper
• L3D-Pose: Lifting Pose for 3D Avatars from a Single Camera in the Wild

  2025cites this paper
• Occlusion-aware and jitter-rejection 3D video real-time pose estimation for construction workers

  2025cites this paper
• Resource-aware strategies for real-time multi-person pose estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Efficient Real-Time Sports Action Pose Estimation via EfficientPose and Temporal Graph Convolution

  2025cites this paper
• RT-DEMT: A hybrid real-time acupoint detection model combining mamba and transformer

  2025cites this paper
• Diffusion-Refinement Pose Estimation With Hybrid Representation

  2025cites this paper
• Perception-Enhanced Network for Accurate Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Adaptive Skeleton Prompt Tuning for Cross-Dataset 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Spatial–Temporal–Geometric Graph Convolutional Network for 3-D Human Pose Estimation From Multiview Video

  2025cites this paper
• FRAME: Floor-aligned Representation for Avatar Motion from Egocentric Video

  2025cites this paper
• A Non-Contact Privacy Protection Bed Angle Estimation Method Based on LiDAR

  2025cites this paper
• Blood Flow Speed Estimation with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Images

  2025cites this paper
• Complexity-Aware Dynamic Gradient Shifting: A Novel Soft Supervision Training Strategy for 3D Pose Estimation and Regression Learning

  2025cites this paper
• AITEPose: Learning an End-to-End Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimator via Auxiliary-Information-Driven Training Enhancement

  2025influential citation
• Keypoints as Dynamic Centroids for Unified Human Pose and Segmentation

  2025cites this paper
• Pose Splatter: A 3D Gaussian Splatting Model for Quantifying Animal Pose and Appearance

  2025cites this paper
• Automatic assessment of lower limb deformities using high-resolution X-ray images

  2025cites this paper
• Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation for REBA Ergonomics: A Critical Review of Recent Advances

  2025influential citation
• Medical application of deep-learning-based head pose estimation from RGB image sequence

  2025cites this paper
• Real-time physical fatigue risk assessment for construction workers using a teacher-student training paradigm

  2025cites this paper
• Short-Term 3D Human Mesh Recovery with Virtual Markers Disentanglement

  2025cites this paper
• Unsupervised Monocular 3D Keypoint Discovery from Multi-View Diffusion Priors

  2025cites this paper
• A Structure-aware and Motion-adaptive Framework for 3D Human Pose Estimation with Mamba

  2025cites this paper
• Semi-GDE: generative distribution estimation for semi-supervised medical landmark localization

  2025cites this paper
• Online Knowledge Distillation and Deep Supervision in HRNet: Green AI for Preterm Infants’ Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Exploiting Aggregation and Segregation of Representations for Domain Adaptive Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• PersPose: 3D Human Pose Estimation with Perspective Encoding and Perspective Rotation

  2025influential citation
• End-to-End Learning for Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Finding Optimal Viewpoints for Monocular 3D Human Pose Estimation in Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting Space

  2025cites this paper
• Rethinking the Sparse End-to-End Multiperson Pose Estimation

  2025cites this paper
• Learning with privileged stereo knowledge for monocular absolute 3D human pose estimation

  2025cites this paper
• MoCount: Motion-Based Repetitive Action Counting

  2025cites this paper
• Multi-Hypothesis 3D Hand Mesh Recovering from a Single Blurry Image

  2025cites this paper
• HandMvNet: Real-Time 3D Hand Pose Estimation Using Multi-View Cross-Attention Fusion

  2025cites this paper
• RDD: Robust Feature Detector and Descriptor using Deformable Transformer

  2025cites this paper