A validation study of the Dutch Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form: factor structure, reliability, and known-groups validity.

Objective: The 28-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form (CTQ-SF) has been translated into at least 10 different languages. The validity of translated versions of the CTQ-SF, however, has generally not been examined. The objective of this study was to investigate the factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and known-groups validity of the Dutch CTQ-SF. Methods: A total of 261 patients receiving mental health treatment and 227 non-clinical controls were administered the Dutch CTQ-SF. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done with Mplus for ordinal data to test the 5-factor structure of the CTQ-SF. Cronbach’s alpha was computed, and known-groups validity was assessed by comparing CFA latent factor levels between clinical and non-clinical respondents. Results: The 5-factor model fit well, although one item ( I believe I was molested ) was removed due to high levels of missing data and because it loaded on the Physical Abuse factor rather than the intended Sexual Abuse factor. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91 for Physical Abuse, 0.89 for Emotional Abuse, 0.95 for Sexual Abuse, 0.63 for Physical Neglect, and 0.91 for Emotional Neglect. Latent factor levels were more than one standard deviation higher (p < .001) for patients receiving mental health treatment than controls for all CTQ-SF five scales. Conclusions: The findings from this study provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the 24-item Dutch CTQ-SF, but showed that one item translated from the 25-item English CTQ-SF, I believe I was molested , was not a valid indicator of childhood sexual abuse in the Dutch version and should not be used.

• Publication year

  2009

• Venue

  International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.03.001PMID 19758699
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Disentangling the relationship between different types of childhood maltreatment and personality disorders.

  2010cited by this paper
• Development and psychometric evaluation of a new assessment method for childhood maltreatment experiences: the interview for traumatic events in childhood (ITEC).

  2009cited by this paper
• Early traumatization and psychopathy in female and male juvenile offenders.

  2008cited by this paper
• Childhood Maltreatment in Patients With Somatization Disorder

  2008cited by this paper
• Interaction between BDNF Val66Met and childhood trauma on adult’s violent suicide attempt

  2008cited by this paper
• Emotional availability in a sample of mothers with a history of abuse.

  2007cited by this paper
• Childhood trauma and suicide attempts in patients with unipolar depression

  2007cited by this paper
• Why Dissociation and Schizotypy Overlap: The Joint Influence of Fantasy Proneness, Cognitive Failures, and Childhood Trauma

  2007cited by this paper
• Dissociative symptoms in alcohol-dependent patients: associations with childhood trauma and substance abuse characteristics.

  2007cited by this paper
• Adverse childhood experiences associated with sleep in primary insomnia

  2007cited by this paper
• [Influence of personality variables on perceived help and stress by group therapy and fellow patients in multimodal psychodynamic inpatient psychotherapy].

  2007cited by this paper
• An evaluation of the measurement equivalence of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire--Short Form across gender and race in a sample of drug-abusing adults.

  2007cited by this paper
• Reported Maltreatment in Childhood in Relation to the Personality Features of Norwegian Adult Psychiatric Outpatients

  2007cited by this paper
• The effects of childhood trauma in patients with first‐episode schizophrenia

  2007cited by this paper
• Frontal and occipital perfusion changes in dissociative identity disorder.

  2007cited by this paper
• Einfluss von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen auf die erlebte Hilfe und Belastung durch Gruppentherapie und Mitpatienten in der stationären psychodynamischen Psychotherapie

  2007cited by this paper
• Axis I dissociative disorder comorbidity in borderline personality disorder and reports of childhood trauma.

  2006cited by this paper
• Childhood maltreatment in adult female psychiatric outpatients with eating disorders.

  2006cited by this paper
• Childhood trauma, psychiatric disorders, and criminal behavior in prisoners in Germany: a comparative study in incarcerated women and men.

  2006cited by this paper
• Childhood Trauma and Dissociation in Female Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: An Exploratory Study

  2006cited by this paper
• [Translation and content validation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire into Portuguese language].

  2006cited by this paper
• Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (2nd ed.)

  2006cited by this paper
• Tradução e validação de conteúdo da versão em português do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire

  2006cited by this paper
• The Role of Depression and Dissociation in the Link Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Later Parental Practices

  2005cited by this paper
• Childhood maltreatment and mental and physical health in Haitian adults.

  2004cited by this paper
• Childhood trauma, dissociation, and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with conversion disorder.

  2004cited by this paper
• Instruments for the Assessment of Childhood Trauma in Adults

  2004cited by this paper
• Childhood trauma in alcoholics.

  2004cited by this paper
• [Traumatic childhood background, impulsiveness and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in eating disorders. A pilot study].

  2004cited by this paper
• Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.

  2003influential reference
• DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS AND TRAUMATIC CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN TRANSSEXUALS

  2003cited by this paper
• No evidence for overgeneral memories in borderline personality disorder.

  2002cited by this paper
• Childhood environment of adult psychiatric outpatients in Norway having been bullied in school.

  2002cited by this paper
• Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses.

  2002cited by this paper
• Prevalence of dissociative disorders among psychiatric inpatients in a German university clinic.

  2001cited by this paper
• The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a Community Sample: Psychometric Properties and Normative Data

  2001cited by this paper
• Correlates of autobiographical memory specificity: the role of depression, anxiety and childhood trauma.

  2001cited by this paper
• Magnetic resonance imaging volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala in women with borderline personality disorder and early traumatization.

  2000cited by this paper
• Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

  1999cited by this paper
• Hospitalized Adolescents' Reports of Sexual and Physical Abuse: A Comparison of Two Self-Report Measures

  1999cited by this paper
• Assumptions in borderline personality disorder: specificity, stability and relationship with etiological factors.

  1999influential reference
• Do personality disorders exist? On the validity of the concept and its cognitive-behavioral formulation and treatment.

  1999influential reference
• Van Dale Groot woordenboek Nederlands-Engels

  1998cited by this paper
• Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report manual

  1998cited by this paper
• Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling

  1998cited by this paper
• Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population.

  1997cited by this paper
• Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: a new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma.

  1995cited by this paper
• Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect.

  1994cited by this paper
• Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: two approaches for exploring measurement invariance.

  1993cited by this paper
• Testing Structural Equation Models

  1993cited by this paper
• Structural Model Evaluation and Modification: An Interval Estimation Approach.

  1990cited by this paper
• Comparative fit indexes in structural models.

  1990cited by this paper
• Equivalence of cross-cultural data: an overview of basic issues.

  1989cited by this paper
• PSYCHOTHERAPY

  1984cited by this paper
• Results of Early Mobilization and Discharge after Myocardial Infarction

  1973cited by this paper
• A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis

  1973cited by this paper
• Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research

  1970cited by this paper
• Childhood trauma

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Augmenting virtual reality exposure for PTSD with physical activity: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial

  2026cites this paper
• Self-Efficacy and Attachment Styles Mediate the Impact of Early Life Trauma on Negative Emotional States in Adults Living in Portugal

  2026cites this paper
• Sexual hallucinations and delusions in borderline personality disorder

  2026cites this paper
• Assessing childhood trauma in New Zealand prisons: Mixed method validation of the CTQ-SF.

  2026cites this paper
• Record of the past or reflection of the present? Fluctuations in recollections of childhood adversity and fluctuations in adult relationship circumstances.

  2026cites this paper
• Adaptive mentalization-based integrative therapy for severe personality disorder and mental illness: study protocol for a controlled longitudinal cohort study

  2026cites this paper
• Childhood abuse and neglect and adult body attitude

  2025cites this paper
• The Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Diagnostic Status in Patients with a Personality Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  2025cites this paper
• Associations between Childhood Trauma and Epistemic Trust, Attachment, Mentalizing, and Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder

  2025influential citation
• Exploring the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment, Self-Esteem, and Silencing the Self in India

  2025influential citation
• Behind the silence of undisclosed trauma: A social network study on support and well-being in the context of childhood sexual abuse.

  2025cites this paper
• Adolescent depression, childhood maltreatment, and the immune system; a role for epigenetic aging?

  2025influential citation
• Adverse childhood experiences and the impact on pregnancy intention, a cross-sectional study

  2025cites this paper
• Generalizability of findings from four clinical cohort studies and a general population study to patients with bipolar I disorder in outpatient treatment in the Netherlands

  2025cites this paper
• Hybrid Feel-Own-Move®: protocol for an effectiveness-implementation study of a psychomotor intervention for survivors of domestic violence

  2025cites this paper
• Childhood Maltreatment and Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms among Justice-Involved Youth: The Role of Executive Function.

  2025cites this paper
• Dari version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) in a sample of Afghan students

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring the links between dissociative experiences, schemas, modes, and coping.

  2025cites this paper
• Psychosocial factors are associated with altered pain processing in individuals with hip osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study.

  2025cites this paper
• Inter-individual differences in early post-operative pain, cognitions, and emotions after total hip arthroplasty: A longitudinal cohort study

  2025cites this paper
• Validation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) in the Context of Trauma-Focused Treatment

  2025influential citation
• The interplay between cortisol and oxytocin in aggressive adolescents: The role of trauma

  2025cites this paper
• Unraveling the Web of Individual Characteristics and Negative Partner Relationship Events Through Network Analyses.

  2025cites this paper
• The Ketamine Trial for Acute Suicidality (KETA): Study Protocol of a Double‐Blind Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Superiority Trial on Intranasal Racemic Ketamine Compared to the Active Placebo Intranasal Midazolam as Treatment for Acute Suicidality

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of childhood trauma on depression and cognitive function in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depressed patients: an observational case-control study

  2025cites this paper
• The effectiveness of generalist (GIT-PD) versus specialist treatment (MBT/ST) for severe personality disorders (Personality Disorders Access to Effective Treatment, P-DAET): study protocol of a pragmatic randomised controlled non-inferiority multicentre trial

  2025influential citation
• Single fixed-dose intranasal racemic ketamine treatment for the treatment of acute suicidality in a transdiagnostic patient population: Results of a pilot study.

  2025cites this paper
• Associations between childhood maltreatment, PTSD and metabolic outcomes in patients with common mental disorders at outpatient clinics in specialized care

  2025cites this paper
• The association between childhood maltreatment and pain sensitivity in a high-risk adolescent population.

  2024cites this paper
• Life-course perspective on the causal mechanism of social functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorder

  2024cites this paper
• The association between childhood maltreatment and multidimensional sleep health in adolescents at high risk of emotional and behavioral problems

  2024cites this paper
• Beyond the Hip: Clinical Phenotypes of Hip Osteoarthritis Across the Biopsychosocial Spectrum

  2024cites this paper
• Variation of subclinical psychosis as a function of population density across different European settings: Findings from the multi‐national EU‐GEI study

  2024cites this paper
• The Relationship Between Experiencing Childhood Trauma and Psychopathic Personality Traits: The Mediating Role of Insecure Attachment

  2024cites this paper
• Childhood abuse and neglect and profiles of adult emotion dynamics.

  2024cites this paper
• Behavioural Activation and Inhibition Systems of Fathers, Child Abuse and Childhood Psychopathology: The Mediating Role of Demographics

  2024cites this paper
• Types of childhood maltreatment as predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder severity and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with substance use disorders

  2024cites this paper
• Five-year follow-up of the iBerry Study: screening in early adolescence to identify those at risk of psychopathology in emerging adulthood

  2024cites this paper
• Self-regulatory Sex Motives Scale in Online Dating: Exploratory Factor Analysis and Internal Consistency

  2024cites this paper
• Maternal and Paternal Parenting and Maltreatment in Relation to Callous-Unemotional Traits in Detained Male Adolescents

  2024cites this paper
• A closer look into the affect dynamics of adolescents with depression and the interactions with their parents: An ecological momentary assessment study

  2024cites this paper
• Validation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form (CTQ-SF) for a French-Speaking Sample

  2024influential citation
• Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and process evaluation of group schema therapy for eating disorders: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

  2024cites this paper
• An Examination of Underlying Domains in Childhood Adversity: A Scoping Review of Studies Conducting Factor Analyses on Adverse Childhood Experiences

  2024cites this paper
• Improved clinical outcome prediction in depression using neurodynamics in an emotional face-matching functional MRI task

  2024cites this paper
• Intriguing Connection Between Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Childhood Traumatic Experiences, A Prospective Case-Control Study.

  2024cites this paper
• Comparing the multivariate relationships of conceptual adversity models and structural brain development in adolescent girls: A registered report.

  2024cites this paper
• The Role of Childhood Trauma in Affective Stress Recovery in Early Psychosis: An Experience Sampling Study

  2024cites this paper
• Exploring the Interactions Between Psychotic Symptoms, Cognition, and Environmental Risk Factors: A Bayesian Analysis of Networks

  2024cites this paper
• The association between childhood trauma and tobacco smoking in patients with psychosis, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls

  2024influential citation
• What predicts psychosocial functioning in borderline personality disorder? Investigating the association with reflective functioning.

  2024cites this paper
• Patterns of sports participation across the lifespan and their links to psychopathology, resilience, and childhood trauma: a cross-sectional approach

  2024cites this paper
• Implications of childhood adversity for women's perinatal sleep quality and depressive symptoms over time: A serial mediation model

  2024influential citation
• The Effect of Childhood Poly-Victimization on Adulthood Aggression: The Mediating Role of Different Impulsivity Traits

  2024influential citation
• Empowering Through Sports: Breaking the Cycle of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Aggressive Behavior

  2024cites this paper
• Childhood maltreatment and the risk of impaired glucose metabolism or type 2 diabetes in young adults: Findings from the Lifelines Cohort Study

  2024cites this paper
• Case report: Brief, intensive EMDR therapy for borderline personality disorder: results of two case studies with one year follow-up

  2023influential citation
• Childhood abuse v. neglect and risk for major psychiatric disorders.

  2023cites this paper
• An investigation into the effectiveness of mood lifters in the context of trauma exposure.

  2023cites this paper
• Validation and measurement invariance of the childhood trauma questionnaire short form among incarcerated men and women in Spain.

  2023cites this paper
• Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial

  2023cites this paper
• Looking into troubled waters: Childhood emotional maltreatment modulates neural responses to prolonged gazing into one’s own, but not others’, eyes

  2023cites this paper
• Psychometric properties of the Hungarian childhood trauma questionnaire short form and its validity in patients with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or borderline personality disorder

  2023influential citation
• Childhood emotional but not physical or sexual maltreatment predicts prosocial behavior in late adolescence: A daily diary study.

  2023cites this paper
• Intergenerational impact of childhood trauma on hair cortisol concentrations in mothers and their young infants

  2023cites this paper
• Examining the Independent and Joint Effects of Genomic and Exposomic Liabilities for Schizophrenia Across the Psychosis Spectrum

  2023cites this paper
• Childhood adversity and adolescent acting-out behaviors: the mediating role of mentalizing difficulties and epistemic vigilance

  2023influential citation
• Group schema therapy for cluster-C personality disorders: A multicentre open pilot study.

  2023cites this paper
• Stress-related exposures amplify the effects of genetic susceptibility on depression and anxiety

  2023influential citation
• Associations between childhood adversity, psychiatric symptoms, and self-esteem outcomes in adolescents and young adults: An experience sampling study.

  2023cites this paper
• Examining the association between exposome score for schizophrenia and cognition in schizophrenia, siblings, and healthy controls: Results from the EUGEI study.

  2023cites this paper
• The impact of adversities across the lifespan on psychological symptom profiles in late adulthood: a latent profile analysis

  2023cites this paper
• Testing a Transdiagnostic Model Including Distal and Proximal Risk Factors for Depression and Anxiety

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of prenatal exposure to the 1944–45 Dutch famine and glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms on later life PTSD susceptibility

  2023cites this paper
• Gene–environment interaction study on the polygenic risk score for neuroticism, childhood adversity, and parental bonding

  2023cites this paper
• The association of childhood trauma with depressive and negative symptoms in recent onset psychosis: a sex-specific analysis

  2023cites this paper
• Clinical phenotypes and prognostic factors in persons with hip osteoarthritis undergoing total hip arthroplasty: protocol for a longitudinal prospective cohort study (HIPPROCLIPS)

  2023influential citation
• From childhood trauma to hyperarousal in adults: The mediating effect of maladaptive shame coping and insomnia

  2023influential citation
• Childhood Trauma and Adult Somatic Symptoms

  2023cites this paper
• Does childhood maltreatment play a role in temporomandibular disorders?

  2023cites this paper
• Trauma measures for use with psychosis populations: A systematic review of psychometric properties using COSMIN.

  2023cites this paper
• Psychometric Properties of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - Short Form (CTQ-SF) Indonesian Version

  2022cites this paper
• Childhood Trauma and Social Cognition in participants with Bipolar Disorder: The Moderating Role of Attachment

  2022cites this paper
• Measuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach

  2022cites this paper
• Childhood maltreatment mediates the effect of the genetic background on psychosis risk in young adults

  2022cites this paper
• The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire—Short Form (CTQ-SF) used with adolescents – methodological report from clinical and community samples

  2022cites this paper
• The mediating role of attachment and mentalising in the relationship between childhood maltreatment, self-harm and suicidality

  2022cites this paper
• Understanding intergenerational transmission of early maladaptive schemas from a memory perspective: Moderating role of overgeneral memory on adverse experiences.

  2022cites this paper
• Preliminary data on oxytocin modulation of neural reactivity in women to emotional stimuli of children depending on childhood emotional neglect

  2022influential citation
• Predictors of Revictimization in Online Dating

  2022cites this paper
• Trauma infantil y desconexión moral en estudiantes de educación superior mediante las ecuaciones estructurales

  2022cites this paper
• TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES AS THE PREDICTOR OF MALADAPTIVE OUTCOMES AMONG CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE

  2022cites this paper
• Psychometric properties of the Hungarian Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form and its validity in patients with adult Attention-Decit Hyperactivity Disorder or Borderline Personality Disorder

  2022cites this paper
• Salivary immune markers are not associated with self-reported childhood maltreatment or psychopathology in adults.

  2022cites this paper
• Design of an RCT on cost-effectiveness of group schema therapy versus individual schema therapy for patients with Cluster-C personality disorder: the QUEST-CLC study protocol

  2022cites this paper
• Trauma-focused EMDR for Personality disorders among Outpatients (TEMPO): study protocol for a multi-centre, single-blind, randomized controlled trial

  2022cites this paper
• Learn to breathe, breathe to learn? No evidence for effects of slow deep breathing at a 0.1 Hz frequency on reversal learning.

  2022cites this paper
• The Impact of Adverse Childhood Events on Therapy Alliance in Male Inpatients with Convictions

  2022cites this paper
• Trauma and Outcomes of Mentalization-Based Therapy for Individuals With Borderline Personality Disorder.

  2022cites this paper
• The association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal intrusions: A cross‐sectional study

  2022cites this paper