The Ecology and Biogeography of Microorganisms on Plant Surfaces.

No abstract is available for this paper.

• Publication year

  2000

• Venue

  Annual Review of Phytopathology

• Publication date

  2000-09-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.145PMID 11701840
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Influence of climatic and nutritional factors on yeast population dynamics in the phyllosphere of wheat

  2004cited by this paper
• Role of Leaf Surface Sugars in Colonization of Plants by Bacterial Epiphytes

  2000cited by this paper
• A new version of the RDP (Ribosomal Database Project)

  1999cited by this paper
• Moving Waves of Bacterial Populations and Total Organic Carbon along Roots of Wheat

  1999cited by this paper
• Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections.

  1999cited by this paper
• ROOTS IN SOIL: Unearthing the Complexities of Roots and Their Rhizospheres.

  1999cited by this paper
• A taxonomic study of bacteria isolated from grasses: a proposed new species Pseudomonas graminis sp. nov.

  1999cited by this paper
• Temporal fluctuations in the pseudomonad population associated with sugar beet leaves

  1999cited by this paper
• Mapping of Sugar and Amino Acid Availability in Soil around Roots with Bacterial Sensors of Sucrose and Tryptophan

  1999cited by this paper
• Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria Are Associated with Ferric Hydroxide Precipitates (Fe-Plaque) on the Roots of Wetland Plants

  1999cited by this paper
• The Bacillus subtilis genome sequence: the molecular blueprint of a soil bacterium

  1999cited by this paper
• Analysis of Fungal Diversity in the Wheat Rhizosphere by Sequencing of Cloned PCR-Amplified Genes Encoding 18S rRNA and Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

  1999cited by this paper
• Sulfate-reducing bacteria in rice field soil and on rice roots.

  1999cited by this paper
• Fluorescent labels, confocal microscopy, and quantitative image analysis in study of fungal biology.

  1999cited by this paper
• Acetogenic and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Inhabiting the Rhizoplane and Deep Cortex Cells of the Sea Grass Halodule wrightii

  1999cited by this paper
• Molecular Phylogenetic and Biogeochemical Studies of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in the Rhizosphere ofSpartina alterniflora

  1999cited by this paper
• An image analysis method for determination of spatial colonization patterns of bacteria in plant rhizosphere

  1999cited by this paper
• Role of adhesion in the colonization of barley leaves by the yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides

  1999cited by this paper
• Molecular Analyses of the Methane-Oxidizing Microbial Community in Rice Field Soil by Targeting the Genes of the 16S rRNA, Particulate Methane Monooxygenase, and Methanol Dehydrogenase

  1999cited by this paper
• Ferric Iron Reduction by Bacteria Associated with the Roots of Freshwater and Marine Macrophytes

  1999cited by this paper
• Green Fluorescent Protein-Marked Pseudomonas fluorescens: Localization, Viability, and Activity in the Natural Barley Rhizosphere

  1999cited by this paper
• Quantitative imaging and statistical analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of Aureobasidium pullulans.

  1999cited by this paper
• Bacterial colonization of leaves: a spectrum of strategies.

  1999influential reference
• Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional fields

  1999cited by this paper
• The composition of bacterial populations in soil fractions differing in their degree of adherence to barley roots

  1999cited by this paper
• Location and Survival of Leaf-Associated Bacteria in Relation to Pathogenicity and Potential for Growth within the Leaf

  1999cited by this paper
• Effect of Temperature on Structure and Function of the Methanogenic Archaeal Community in an Anoxic Rice Field Soil

  1999cited by this paper
• Comparison of Bacterial Community Structures in the Rhizoplane of Tomato Plants Grown in Soils Suppressive and Conducive towards Bacterial Wilt

  1999cited by this paper
• Kocuria palustris sp. nov. and Kocuria rhizophila sp. nov., isolated from the rhizoplane of the narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia).

  1999cited by this paper
• HOST VARIATION FOR INTERACTIONS WITH BENEFICIAL PLANT-ASSOCIATED MICROBES.

  1999cited by this paper
• Conversion of the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum magna to a nonpathogenic, endophytic mutualist by gene disruption

  1999cited by this paper
• Life in grasses: diazotrophic endophytes.

  1998cited by this paper
• Evolution of rhizobia by acquisition of a 500-kb symbiosis island that integrates into a phe-tRNA gene.

  1998cited by this paper
• Function of root border cells in plant health: pioneers in the rhizosphere.

  1998cited by this paper
• Characterization of Root-Associated Methanotrophs from Three Freshwater Macrophytes: Pontederia cordata, Sparganium eurycarpum, and Sagittaria latifolia

  1998cited by this paper
• A Technique To Quantify the Population Size and Composition of the Biofilm Component in Communities of Bacteria in the Phyllosphere

  1998cited by this paper
• Effect of root exudates and bacterial metabolic activity on conjugal gene transfer in the rhizosphere of a marsh plant

  1998cited by this paper
• Effect of Bacterial Distribution and Activity on Conjugal Gene Transfer on the Phylloplane of the Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

  1998cited by this paper
• Bacterial genomics and adaptation to life on plants: implications for the evolution of pathogenicity and symbiosis.

  1998influential reference
• Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria.

  1998cited by this paper
• Novel Euryarchaeotal Lineages Detected on Rice Roots and in the Anoxic Bulk Soil of Flooded Rice Microcosms

  1998cited by this paper
• Compost and compost water extract-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber and Arabidopsis.

  1998cited by this paper
• Colonization of Wheat Roots by an Exopolysaccharide-ProducingPantoea agglomerans Strain and Its Effect on Rhizosphere Soil Aggregation

  1998cited by this paper
• Community analysis of ammonia-oxidising bacteria, in relation to oxygen availability in soils and root-oxygenated sediments, using PCR, DGGE and oligonucleotide probe hybridisation

  1998cited by this paper
• Rice roots and CH4 oxidation: the activity of bacteria, their distribution and the microenvironment

  1998cited by this paper
• A Natural View of Microbial Biodiversity within Hot Spring Cyanobacterial Mat Communities

  1998cited by this paper
• Phenotypic and genetic diversity of Paenibacillus azotofixans strains isolated from the rhizoplane or rhizosphere soil of different grasses

  1998cited by this paper
• Soil microbiology and biochemistry.

  1998cited by this paper
• Homoserine lactone-mediated gene regulation in plant-associated bacteria.

  1998cited by this paper
• Molecular and phenotypic characterization of bacillus thuringiensis isolated from leaves and insects

  1998cited by this paper
• Recovery of a Nitrosomonas-like 16S rDNA sequence group from freshwater habitats.

  1998influential reference
• Diversity of root-associated bacteria associated with field-grown canola (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  1998cited by this paper
• Fluorescence-based isolation of bacterial genes expressed within host cells.

  1997cited by this paper
• The complete genome sequence of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis

  1997cited by this paper
• The ammonia monooxygenase structural gene amoA as a functional marker: molecular fine-scale analysis of natural ammonia-oxidizing populations

  1997cited by this paper
• Use of model plant hosts to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors.

  1997cited by this paper
• A genomic perspective on protein families.

  1997cited by this paper
• A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere.

  1997cited by this paper
• Expression of green fluorescent protein in Aureobasidium pullulans and quantification of the fungus on leaf surfaces.

  1997cited by this paper
• Bacterial Community Structure in Relation to the Carbon Environments in Lettuce and Tomato Rhizospheres and in Bulk Soil

  1997cited by this paper
• Methods for observing microbial biofilms directly on leaf surfaces and recovering them for isolation of culturable microorganisms

  1997cited by this paper
• N-acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated regulation of phenazine gene expression by Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 in the wheat rhizosphere

  1997cited by this paper
• Metabolic and Genotypic Fingerprinting of Fluorescent Pseudomonads Associated with the Douglas Fir-Laccaria bicolor Mycorrhizosphere

  1997cited by this paper
• Developmental biology of biofilms: implications for treatment and control.

  1997cited by this paper
• Single-step conjugative cloning of bacterial gene fusions involved in microbe-host interactions

  1997cited by this paper
• Molecular microbial ecology approaches applied to diazotrophs associated with non-legumes

  1997cited by this paper
• Natural occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis on grass foliage

  1997cited by this paper
• Signaling in plant-microbe interactions.

  1997cited by this paper
• Microbial population dynamics on leaves.

  1997cited by this paper
• Spatial Patterns of Rhizoplane Populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens

  1997cited by this paper
• Microbial pathogenesis: genomics and beyond.

  1997cited by this paper
• S Falkow revisited . Common themes in microbial pathogenicity

  1997cited by this paper
• Compost-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber to Pythium root rot and anthracnose.

  1996cited by this paper
• Comparison of aerobic heterotrophic taxa isolated from four root domains of mature sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

  1996cited by this paper
• Rhizobial and Actinorhizal Symbioses: What Are the Shared Features?

  1996cited by this paper
• Aphid honeydew and its effect on the phyllosphere microflora of Picea abies (L.) Karst

  1996cited by this paper
• Redox and Energy Aspects of Soil Bioremediation

  1996cited by this paper
• Handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals

  1996cited by this paper
• Living on leaves: mites, tomenta, and leaf domatia.

  1996cited by this paper
• Selection for genes encoding secreted proteins and receptors.

  1996cited by this paper
• Systemic resistance in Arabidopsis induced by biocontrol bacteria is independent of salicylic acid accumulation and pathogenesis-related gene expression.

  1996cited by this paper
• A minimal gene set for cellular life derived by comparison of complete bacterial genomes.

  1996cited by this paper
• Influence of immigration on epiphytic bacterial populations on navel orange leaves

  1996cited by this paper
• Current Concepts in the Use of Introduced Bacteria for Biological Disease Control: Mechanisms and Antifungal Metabolites

  1996cited by this paper
• Mapping leaf surface landscapes.

  1996cited by this paper
• The biochemistry and genetics of capsular polysaccharide production in bacteria.

  1996cited by this paper
• Behavioral strategies of surface-colonizing bacteria

  1995cited by this paper
• Quantitation of fungal mRNAs in complex substrates by reverse transcription PCR and its application to Phanerochaete chrysosporium-colonized soil

  1995cited by this paper
• Effect of sampling scale on the assessment of epiphytic bacterial populations

  1995cited by this paper
• Simultaneous identification of bacterial virulence genes by negative selection.

  1995cited by this paper
• The secret life of foliar bacterial pathogens on leaves.

  1995cited by this paper
• The plant response in pathogenesis, symbiosis, and wounding: variations on a common theme?

  1995cited by this paper
• Involvement of bacterial polysaccharides in plant pathogenesis.

  1995cited by this paper
• CHEMOPERCEPTION OF MICROBIAL SIGNALS IN PLANT CELLS

  1995influential reference
• Enumeration of Lactic Acid Bacteria on Harvested Alfalfa at Long and Short Wilting Times

  1995cited by this paper
• Redox and Energy Aspects of Soil Bioremediation 1

  1995cited by this paper
• Microbial biofilms.

  1995cited by this paper
• Early events in the activation of plant defense responses

  1994cited by this paper
• Inoculum Density-Dependent Mortality and Colonization of the Phyllosphere by Pseudomonas syringae

  1994cited by this paper
• Biofilms, the customized microniche

  1994cited by this paper

• Application of Antagonistic Bacteria for Biological Control of Common Bacterial Blight in Beans

  2026cites this paper
• Azadirachtin and Its Nanoformulation Reshape the Maize Phyllosphere Microbiome While Maintaining Overall Microbial Diversity

  2026cites this paper
• Dialogue between jasmonic acid and phyllosphere microorganisms enhanced tomato defense against Helicoverpa armigera larvae.

  2026cites this paper
• Phyllosphere Keystone Beneficial Specialists Enhance Yield in Nutrient Deficiency-Resistant Sorghum Cultivars.

  2026cites this paper
• Beyond the pink: uncovering the secrets of pink pigmented facultative methylotrophs

  2025cites this paper
• Perennial Rice – An Alternative to the 'One-sow, One-harvest' Rice Production: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Prospects

  2025cites this paper
• Rhizosphere microbes facilitate the break of chlamydospore dormancy and root colonization of rice false smut fungi.

  2025cites this paper
• Modeling bacterial growth and Allee effect via Allen-Cahn theoretical framework

  2025cites this paper
• Rainwater-driven transport of matter and microbes from phyllosphere to soil in a temperate beech forest

  2025cites this paper
• Higher Variability in Diversity and Functionality of Soil Fungal Communities Compared to Bacterial Communities in Alpine Treeline Ecotone

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring microbial ubiquity across different plant functional groups and organs

  2025cites this paper
• Changes in soil bacterial abundance and diversity in response to drip irrigation to Establish plant communities on highly saline Lands in north China

  2025cites this paper
• Phylloplane of Mycoflora of Medicinal Plants

  2025cites this paper
• Microbial Consortium of Streptomyces spp. from Mining Environments Enhances Phytoremediation Potential of Lemna minor L.

  2025cites this paper
• Rhizospheric and Endophytic Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria Associated with Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner: A Review of Their Agronomic Potential

  2025cites this paper
• Harnessing entomopathogenic fungi: A meta‐analysis on their role as plant growth promoters

  2025cites this paper
• Modern and traditional strategies for controlling microbial contamination in plant Micropropagation: Current insights and future Perspectives

  2025cites this paper
• Characterization of aroma profiles and microbial communities of cigar tobacco leaves from different varieties and origins and their correlations analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Influence of Plant Organs and Functional Traits on the Structure of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Three Acer Species

  2025cites this paper
• Contribution of Particulates to Airborne Disease Transmission and Severity: A Review.

  2024cites this paper
• Unveiling the dynamic relationship of viruses and/or symbiotic bacteria with plant resilience in abiotic stress

  2024cites this paper
• Dynamics of Phylloplane and Rhizoplane Mycoflora in Sustainable Crop Management of Green Gram and Black Gram

  2024cites this paper
• An analysis of hybrid impulsive prey-predator-mutualist system on nonuniform time domains

  2024cites this paper
• Endophytic Trichoderma: Potential and Prospects for Plant Health Management

  2024cites this paper
• From orchard to table: Significance of fruit microbiota in postharvest diseases management of citrus fruits

  2024cites this paper
• Richness of yeast community associated with apple fruits in Estonia

  2024cites this paper
• Applied microbiology of the phyllosphere

  2024cites this paper
• Biocontrol agents enhance plant disease resistance by altering plant microbiomes

  2024cites this paper
• An insight into conflict and collaboration between plants and microorganisms

  2024cites this paper
• Epiphytic bacterial community composition on four submerged macrophytes in different regions of Taihu Lake

  2024cites this paper
• Bioremediation & Agro Waste Management

  2024cites this paper
• Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase as a metabolic valve advances Methylobacterium/Methylorubrum phyllosphere colonization and plant growth

  2024cites this paper
• A research journey from epiphytic to endophytic fungi: Insights into Ecology, Diversity and Biotechnological potential

  2024influential citation
• The relationship between atmospheric particulate matter, leaf surface microstructure, and the phyllosphere microbial diversity of Ulmus L.

  2024cites this paper
• A diverse and distinct microbiome inside living trees

  2024cites this paper
• Impact of Plant–Microbe Interactions with a Focus on Poorly Investigated Urban Ecosystems—A Review

  2024cites this paper
• Plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria and Trichoderma shift common vetch (Vicia sativa) physiology and phyllosphere bacteria toward antagonism against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spinaciae

  2024cites this paper
• Temperature, sediment resuspension, and salinity drive the prevalence of Vibrio vulnificus in the coastal Baltic Sea

  2024cites this paper
• Diversity of Methylobacterium species associated with New Zealand native plants

  2023cites this paper
• Assessing the efficacy of phyllospheric growth-promoting and antagonistic bacteria for management of black rot disease of cauliflower incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris

  2023cites this paper
• Alternatives for the gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) control in cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) crop

  2023cites this paper
• Harnessing Phyllosphere Microbiome for Improving Soil Fertility, Crop Production, and Environmental Sustainability

  2023cites this paper
• A Virus Induces Alterations in Root Morphology While Exerting Minimal Effects on the Rhizosphere and Endosphere Microorganisms in Rice.

  2023cites this paper
• Effect of pre-harvest sanitizer treatments on Listeria survival, sensory quality and bacterial community dynamics on leafy green vegetables grown under commercial conditions.

  2023cites this paper
• A critical review on bioaerosols—dispersal of crop pathogenic microorganisms and their impact on crop yield

  2023cites this paper
• A Look at Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria

  2023cites this paper
• Enhancing Stevia rebaudiana growth and yield through exploring beneficial plant-microbe interactions and their impact on the underlying mechanisms and crop sustainability.

  2023cites this paper
• Gold‐FISH enables targeted NanoSIMS analysis of plant‐associated bacteria

  2023cites this paper
• The Interactive Effects of Nitrogen Addition and Ozone Pollution on Cathay Poplar-Associated Phyllosphere Bacterial Communities

  2023cites this paper
• Characteristics of bacterial and fungal communities and their associations with sugar compounds in atmospheric aerosols at a rural site in northern China

  2023cites this paper
• Effect of azoxystrobin on tobacco leaf microbial composition and diversity

  2023cites this paper
• Epiphitic Microbiome of Alvarinho Wine Grapes from Different Geographic Regions in Portugal

  2023cites this paper
• The Effects of Funneliformis mosseae and Serendipita indica on the Accumulation of Tetracycline and Chlortetracycline in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Recovering Soil Microbial Activities

  2023cites this paper
• Mapping bark bacteria: initial insights of stemflow-induced changes in bark surface phyla

  2023cites this paper
• Current trends in management of bacterial pathogens infecting plants

  2023cites this paper
• Microbial communities on eelgrass (Zostera marina) thriving in Tokyo Bay and the possible source of leaf-attached microbes

  2023cites this paper
• Coping with salt stress-interaction of halotolerant bacteria in crop plants: A mini review

  2023cites this paper
• Functional insights into succession in a phyllospheric microbial community across a full period of aquatic plant litter decomposition

  2023cites this paper
• Diversity of endophytic and exophytic fungi isolated from Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don. leaves in Saudi Arabia

  2023cites this paper
• Urban biogeography of fungal endophytes across San Francisco

  2023cites this paper
• Computer-Assisted Approach to Study of Bacterial Communication for Landau-Based Model of Population Growth

  2023cites this paper
• Phylloplane as Fungi Habitat

  2023cites this paper
• Phyllosphere Microorganisms: Sources, Drivers, and Their Interactions with Plant Hosts.

  2022cites this paper
• Valentiella maceioensis gen. et sp. nov. (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales), a new black yeast-like fungus isolated from bromeliads in Brazil

  2022cites this paper
• Autophagy as a Survival Strategy for Eukaryotic Microbes Living in the Phyllosphere

  2022cites this paper
• Symbiotic bacteria of the gall-inducing mite Fragariocoptes setiger (Eriophyoidea) and phylogenomic resolution of the eriophyoid position among Acari

  2022cites this paper
• Sporobolomyces lactucae sp. nov. (Pucciniomycotina, Microbotryomycetes, Sporidiobolales): An Abundant Component of Romaine Lettuce Phylloplanes

  2022cites this paper
• The effect of Epichloë endophyte on phyllosphere microbes and leaf metabolites in Achnatherum inebrians

  2022cites this paper
• Could Bacillus biofilms enhance the effectivity of biocontrol strategies in the phyllosphere?

  2022cites this paper
• The use of microbial inoculants for biological control, plant growth promotion, and sustainable agriculture: A review

  2022cites this paper
• Predicting global numbers of teleomorphic ascomycetes

  2022cites this paper
• Plant organ and sampling time point determine the taxonomic structure of microbial communities associated to apple plants in the orchard environment.

  2022cites this paper
• Seasonal activities of the phyllosphere microbiome of perennial crops

  2022cites this paper
• Effects of a prothioconazole- and tebuconazole-based fungicide on the yield, silage characteristics, and fungal mycobiota of corn harvested and conserved as whole-crop and high-moisture ear silages.

  2022cites this paper
• Ecological diversity of Phylloplane Mycoflora of medicinal plants in Naharlagun, Papumpare District, Arunachal Pradesh, India

  2022influential citation
• In vitro studies of biofilm-forming Bacillus strains, biocontrol agents isolated from the maize phyllosphere

  2022cites this paper
• Comparative genomics to examine the endophytic potential of Pantoea agglomerans DAPP-PG 734

  2022cites this paper
• Biotic filters driving the differentiation of decomposer, epiphytic and pathogenic phyllosphere fungi across plant species

  2022cites this paper
• STUDY ON THE MICROBIAL SPOILAGE OF TOMATO ( Lycopersicon esculentum ): A REVIEW

  2022cites this paper
• New insights into engineered plant-microbe interactions for pesticide removal.

  2022cites this paper
• Giant pandas’ staple food bamboo phyllosphere fungal community and its influencing factors

  2022cites this paper
• The Effects of Phyllosphere Bacteria on Plant Physiology and Growth of Soybean Infected with Pseudomonas syringae

  2022cites this paper
• Plant species‐dependent transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from the spermosphere to cotyledons and first leaves

  2022cites this paper
• The effect of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in dust storm on human health

  2022cites this paper
• Influence of Biocontrol and Integrated Strategies and Treatment Timing on Plum Brown Rot Incidence and Fungicide Residues in Fruits

  2022cites this paper
• The Strategy of Paratransgenesis for the Control of Malaria Transmission

  2022cites this paper
• Effects of Variety, Plant Location, and Season on the Phyllosphere Bacterial Community Structure of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

  2022influential citation
• Microbial communities of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and assessment of their association with cherry slip-skin-maceration disorder

  2022cites this paper
• Data on the Microbiota Found in a Murfatlar Vineyard in Two Different Disease Management Practices

  2022cites this paper
• Epiphytic Microbes of Roots: Diversity and Significance

  2021cites this paper
• Cryptococcus depauperatus, a close relative of the human-pathogen C. neoformans, associated with coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Cameroon

  2021cites this paper
• Canopy Exchange and Modification of Nitrogen Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems

  2021cites this paper
• An Insight to Cold-Adapted Microorganisms and their Importance in Agriculture

  2021cites this paper
• Integrated Metabarcoding and Culturomic-Based Microbiome Profiling of Rice Phyllosphere Reveal Diverse and Functional Bacterial Communities for Blast Disease Suppression

  2021cites this paper
• Context-Dependent Benefits of Aphids for Bacteria in the Phyllosphere

  2021cites this paper
• Leaf morphology, wax composition, and residual (cuticular) transpiration of four poplar clones

  2021cites this paper
• Epiphytic cyanobacterial strains in the roots of Salvinia auriculata and the effect of light and nutrients on the production of heterocyst, akinete and hormogonia

  2021cites this paper
• The role of plant–pollinator interactions in structuring nectar microbial communities

  2021cites this paper
• Fungal diversity within the phyllosphere of Pinus massoniana and the possible involvement of phyllospheric fungi in litter decomposition.

  2021cites this paper
• Fungal social influencers: secondary metabolites as a platform for shaping the plant-associated community.

  2021cites this paper