Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down? Semantic Orientation Applied to Unsupervised Classification of Reviews

This paper presents a simple unsupervised learning algorithm for classifying reviews as recommended (thumbs up) or not recommended (thumbs down). The classification of a review is predicted by the average semantic orientation of the phrases in the review that contain adjectives or adverbs. A phrase has a positive semantic orientation when it has good associations (e.g., "subtle nuances") and a negative semantic orientation when it has bad associations (e.g., "very cavalier"). In this paper, the semantic orientation of a phrase is calculated as the mutual information between the given phrase and the word "excellent" minus the mutual information between the given phrase and the word "poor". A review is classified as recommended if the average semantic orientation of its phrases is positive. The algorithm achieves an average accuracy of 74% when evaluated on 410 reviews from Epinions, sampled from four different domains (reviews of automobiles, banks, movies, and travel destinations). The accuracy ranges from 84% for automobile reviews to 66% for movie reviews.

• Publication year

  2002

• Venue

  Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics

• Publication date

  2002-07-06

• Fields of study

  Computer Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3115/1073083.1073153arXiv cs/0212032
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• A Corpus Study of Evaluative and Speculative Language

  2001cited by this paper
• Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL

  2001influential reference
• A Simple Approach to Ordinal Classification

  2001cited by this paper
• Learning Subjective Adjectives from Corpora

  2000cited by this paper
• Effects of Adjective Orientation and Gradability on Sentence Subjectivity

  2000cited by this paper
• A Solution to Plato's Problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis Theory of Acquisition, Induction, and Representation of Knowledge.

  1997cited by this paper
• Predicting the Semantic Orientation of Adjectives

  1997cited by this paper
• An introduction to categorical data analysis

  1997cited by this paper
• Smokey: Automatic Recognition of Hostile Messages

  1997influential reference
• Some Advances in Transformation-Based Part of Speech Tagging

  1994cited by this paper
• Book Reviews:Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval

  1993cited by this paper
• Direction-based text interpretation as an information access refinement

  1992cited by this paper
• Part-of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Treebank Project (3rd Revision)

  1990cited by this paper
• Word Association Norms, Mutual Information, and Lexicography

  1989cited by this paper

• Mapping sentiments and emotions in a UNESCO World heritage destination

  2026cites this paper
• Scientific reports multi relational dual attention graph transformer for fine grained sentiment analysis

  2026cites this paper
• Parametrically modified BERT for emotion prediction through sentiment analysis

  2026cites this paper
• Government informatization model design based on emotional polarity analysis of network media in the context of deep learning

  2026cites this paper
• When are We Worried? Temporal Trends of Anxiety and What They Reveal about Us

  2026cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis on Movie Reviews: A Deep Dive into Modern Techniques and Open Challenges

  2026cites this paper
• A Grading Methodology for E-commerce Reviews based on a Mixed Lexical-semantic Approach

  2025cites this paper
• The Adoption of Analytics in Handling Netflix’s Business Challenges

  2025cites this paper
• Pointwise Mutual Information for Opinion Mining Feature Level Product Reviews

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis of Product Reviews in E-Commerce Using the Naive Bayes Method

  2025cites this paper
• Transfer Learning With BERT Backbone (TLB3ERT) Architecture for Arabic Sentiment Classification

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment analysis of tweets employing convolutional neural network optimized by enhanced gorilla troops optimization algorithm

  2025cites this paper
• Estimating Individuals’ Suffering Levels Induced by Disasters via Social Media: A Case Study of the 2023 Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Extreme Rainfall

  2025cites this paper
• Análisis de sentimientos de las intervenciones de Rodolfo Hernández en Twitter® durante su campaña a la presidencia de Colombia 2022

  2025cites this paper
• Extracting information and sentiment analysis on dialogue in financial results briefing

  2025cites this paper
• LISA: language independent sentiment analysis using graph neural networks

  2025cites this paper
• A Sentiment Analysis of Inception Movie Reviews Based on TextBlob and VADER

  2025cites this paper
• A comprehensive survey on sentiment analysis: Framework, techniques, and applications

  2025cites this paper
• Aspect-level multimodal sentiment analysis model based on multi-scale feature extraction

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis of Conversational Implicature: A Computational Pragmatics Approach

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment analysis: From rule-based lexicons to large language models

  2025cites this paper
• Detecting Depression Using Twitter Data by Incorporating Hybrid Feature Representation

  2025cites this paper
• Evolving techniques in sentiment analysis: a comprehensive review

  2025cites this paper
• From Reviews to Representations: Integrated Big Data Analytics on Amazon Product Metadata

  2025cites this paper
• Filter Based Sentiment Feature Selection Using Back Propagation Deep Learning

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment works in small-cap stocks: Japanese stock's sentiment with language models

  2025cites this paper
• Cyber Cross-Lingual Sentiment Analysis Model Based On Deep Learning Methods

  2025cites this paper
• The Power of Context: Evaluating Transformer-based Model Against Traditional and Recurrent Architectures for Sentiment Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring emotion classification of indonesian tweets using large scale transfer learning via IndoBERT

  2025cites this paper
• A study of the general feeling in Poland towards migration from Ukraine in 2022

  2025cites this paper
• Analysis of sentiment using machine learning algorithms

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis on Social Media Network using Machine Learning

  2025cites this paper
• Multi-task unified model for Chinese aspect-based sentiment analysis

  2025cites this paper
• The Collector’s Dilemma: Navigating pleasure and pain in brand communities amidst speculating behavior

  2025cites this paper
• Natural Language Processing to Enhance Deliberation in Political Online Discussions: A Survey

  2025cites this paper
• The Distinctive Social Emotion Network and Process Following Natech Accidents: Evidence From China

  2025cites this paper
• Research on the Topic-Aware Keyword Generation Model Integrated with BERT for Social Media Short Text Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Optimizing Sentiment Analysis in Social Media with a Machine Learning Approach using Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines

  2025cites this paper
• A study on discriminative power of stylistic features in affect analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Structured Sentiment Analysis with Large Language Models: A Winning Solution for RuOpinionNE-2024

  2025cites this paper
• Benchmarking Machine Learning for Sentiment Analysis: A Case Study of News Articles in Multiple Languages

  2025cites this paper
• RL-DFN: A reinforcement learning-driven dual-view feature fusion network for aspect-based sentiment analysis in online public opinion

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis of Uzbek Idioms

  2025cites this paper
• GenSent: Improving Sentiment Analysis Using Genetic Algorithm-Based Ensemble Optimization

  2025cites this paper
• ModernBERT-XAI: a synergistic approach to sentiment analysis with layer-wise learning and SHAP-LIME interpretability

  2025cites this paper
• Enhancing Library Services Through User Response Analysis Based on Twitter Data Using Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA)

  2025cites this paper
• Lexicon Score in Malay Sentiment Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• TIFIN at CheckThat! 2025: Cross-Lingual Subjectivity Classification in News through Monolingual, Multilingual, and Zero-Shot Learning

  2025cites this paper
• A Neural Network Framework for Classifying Educational Content Aligned with Learning Outcomes

  2025cites this paper
• A Multi-Feature AI Framework for Sentiment Analysis and Business Intelligence

  2025cites this paper
• Transforming Education in the AI Era: A Technology–Organization–Environment Framework Inquiry into Public Discourse

  2025cites this paper
• Enhancing Enterprise Sentiment Analysis With Word2vec-Bi-Gru-Attention Method

  2025cites this paper
• The language of evaluation and stance in crowdfunding project proposals

  2025cites this paper
• Novel Fine-tuned Bidirectional GRU and FastText Embeddings for Location-based Sentiment Analysis and Predictions

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Tweet Sentiment Analysis by Python and Classification by Attention Sequence Modeling

  2025cites this paper
• Guideline for Novel Fine‐Grained Sentiment Annotation and Data Curation: A Case Study

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Analysis on YouTube Comments using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks

  2025cites this paper
• Affective Computing

  2025cites this paper
• Methodologies and their comparison in complex compound aspect-based sentiment analysis: A survey

  2025cites this paper
• Periodic Insight: Multilingual Reputation Generation System through Daily Opinion Mining Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• A novel curriculum learning framework for multi-label emotion classification

  2025cites this paper
• The Promise of Large Language Models in Digital Health: Evidence from Sentiment Analysis in Online Health Communities

  2025cites this paper
• Product Based Sentiment Analysis for text and Image Using Machine Learning

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment analysis using a lexicon-based approach in Lisbon, Portugal.

  2025cites this paper
• Comparison of Media Framing and Sentiment towards Palestinian vs Rohingya Refugees: Analysis using Deep Learning Methods

  2025cites this paper
• Computational linguistics: a scientometric review

  2025cites this paper
• Expert Systems With Applications

  2025cites this paper
• Unsupervised topic labeling and opportunity model of social media data for enhancing automotive product design processes

  2025cites this paper
• The wisdom of the lexicon crowds: leveraging on decades of lexicon-based sentiment analysis for improved results

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment analysis of news videos about artificial intelligence in turkey: A YouTube case

  2025cites this paper
• ACDPSNet: Adaptive Cross Domain Polarity Aspect Level Learning Scalable Computing Model for Sentiment Classification and Quantification

  2025cites this paper
• Words of Warmth: Trust and Sociability Norms for over 26k English Words

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment and Emotion Network Analysis—SENA: An Analytic Framework and No-Code Software to Integrate Natural Language Processing, Linguistic Analysis, and Data Science with Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Research

  2025cites this paper
• Authentic display and interaction: the communication strategy of martial arts documentary Hermit Master

  2025cites this paper
• Enhancing Hyperbole and Metaphor Detection with Their Bidirectional Dynamic Interaction and Emotion Knowledge

  2025cites this paper
• A Novel Sentiment Lexicon for Evaluating the Priority of Electrical Service Work Order

  2025cites this paper
• Validating NAYALex emotion lexicon: identifying diverse range of emotions for comprehensive personality analysis in social media posts

  2025cites this paper
• ReviseMate: Exploring Contextual Support for Digesting STEM Paper Reviews

  2025cites this paper
• Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques to Analyze Customer Reviews

  2025cites this paper
• Sentiment Index as a Predictor of CPI: A Lexicon-Based Approach Using Economic News Data in Vietnam

  2025cites this paper
• Enhanced text clustering and sentiment analysis framework for online education: a BIF-DCN approach in computer education

  2025cites this paper
• Structured sentiment analysis using few-shot prompting of an ensemble of LLMs

  2025cites this paper
• From Lexicons to Transformers: An AI View of Sentiment Analysis

  2025influential citation
• Conflicting feelings: sociological and computational sentiment in workplace sentiment surveillance

  2025cites this paper
• Grammaire locale et analyse textuelle : une étude exploratoire de l’évaluation globale dans les critiques cinématographiques amateures

  2025cites this paper
• Multilingual Sentiment Analysis for Investigating Perceptions of Globalization

  2024cites this paper
• Transformer-based AI for Sentiment Analysis in Marketing

  2024cites this paper
• Open source sentiment analysis software: an evaluative study of functions and capabilities

  2024cites this paper
• Semi-Supervised Dimensional Media Sentiment Analysis via Exploring Sample Relationships

  2024cites this paper
• Classification of News Paper Images Using Computer Aided Automated Methodologies

  2024cites this paper
• Demystifying Existing Sentiment Analysis Approaches of Hindi and English Languages using Machine Learning

  2024cites this paper
• Investigation on Effective Machine Learning Techniques for Sentiment Analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Exploring Sentiment and Emotion Analysis: A Systematic Review and Future Directions

  2024cites this paper
• A Quantitative Evaluation Approach for Online Review Quality Based on the AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation

  2024cites this paper
• Emotions in recommender systems for discrepant-users

  2024cites this paper
• A Framework for Fine Grained Sentiment Analysis on Code-Mixed Language for Social Media User Behaviours

  2024cites this paper
• Preliminary Study on Emotion Analysis of News Comments Based on PAD Model

  2024cites this paper
• Building Sentiment Analysis Pipeline: A Case Study on Amazon Reviews

  2024cites this paper
• Measuring Emotional Wellbeing and Emotional Contagion Through Sentiments and Emotions Evoked by Social Media for COVID-19

  2024cites this paper