Viruses.STRING: A Virus-Host Protein-Protein Interaction Database

As viruses continue to pose risks to global health, having a better un-derstanding of virus–host protein–protein interactions aids in the development of treatments and vaccines. Here, we introduce Viruses.STRING, a protein–protein interaction database specifically catering to virus-virus and virus-host interactions. This database combines evidence from experimental and text-mining channels to provide combined probabilities for interactions between viral and host proteins. The database contains 177,425 interactions between 239 viruses and 319 hosts. The database is publicly available at viruses.string-db.org, and the interaction data can also be accessed through the latest version of the Cytoscape STRING app.

• Publication year

  2018

• Venue

  bioRxiv

• Publication date

  2018-08-20

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Computer Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1101/396184PMID 30249048PMCID 6213343
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• TISSUES 2.0: an integrative web resource on mammalian tissue expression

  2018cited by this paper
• Comparative influenza protein interactomes identify the role of plakophilin 2 in virus restriction

  2017cited by this paper
• Herpesvirus Resistance to Antiviral Drugs

  2017cited by this paper
• Creation and evaluation of a dictionary-based tagger for virus species and proteins

  2017influential reference
• Zika Virus in the Americas--Yet Another Arbovirus Threat.

  2016cited by this paper
• Hepatitis C Virus Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral Drugs in Interferon-Free Regimens.

  2016cited by this paper
• Zika Virus in the Americas — Yet Another Arbovirus Threat

  2016cited by this paper
• HPIDB 2.0: a curated database for host–pathogen interactions

  2016cited by this paper
• The STRING database in 2017: quality-controlled protein–protein association networks, made broadly accessible

  2016cited by this paper
• Biodiversity on the Rocks: Macrofauna Inhabiting Authigenic Carbonate at Costa Rica Methane Seeps

  2015cited by this paper
• Generation of a conditionally self-eliminating HAC gene delivery vector through incorporation of a tTAVP64 expression cassette

  2015cited by this paper
• The Cell Cycle Timing of Human Papillomavirus DNA Replication

  2015cited by this paper
• Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies.

  2015cited by this paper
• eggNOG 4.5: a hierarchical orthology framework with improved functional annotations for eukaryotic, prokaryotic and viral sequences

  2015cited by this paper
• Longevity of Biological Databases

  2015cited by this paper
• VirusMentha: a new resource for virus-host protein interactions

  2014cited by this paper
• Emerging zoonotic viral diseases.

  2014cited by this paper
• Disease Ontology 2015 update: an expanded and updated database of human diseases for linking biomedical knowledge through disease data

  2014cited by this paper
• UniProt: a hub for protein information

  2014cited by this paper
• The skin and its diseases : a subject collection from Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine

  2014cited by this paper
• Virus-host interactomics: new insights and opportunities for antiviral drug discovery

  2014cited by this paper
• Assessing the gene regulatory properties of Argonaute-bound small RNAs of diverse genomic origin

  2014cited by this paper
• The BioGRID interaction database: 2015 update

  2014cited by this paper
• The MIntAct project—IntAct as a common curation platform for 11 molecular interaction databases

  2013cited by this paper
• Bioluminescent Imaging and Histopathologic Characterization of WEEV Neuroinvasion in Outbred CD-1 Mice

  2013cited by this paper
• Modern Subunit Vaccines: Development, Components, and Research Opportunities

  2013cited by this paper
• The pointy end of the stick: managing biological invasions

  2013cited by this paper
• The SPECIES and ORGANISMS Resources for Fast and Accurate Identification of Taxonomic Names in Text

  2013cited by this paper
• A Strategy To Estimate Unknown Viral Diversity in Mammals

  2013cited by this paper
• Temporal changes in the epidemiology of transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 across the world.

  2012cited by this paper
• Viral Perturbations of Host Networks Reflect Disease Etiology

  2012cited by this paper
• STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration

  2012cited by this paper
• HIV-1 antiretroviral drug therapy.

  2012cited by this paper
• PubMed and beyond: a survey of web tools for searching biomedical literature

  2011influential reference
• Hierarchical MnMoO(4)/CoMoO(4) heterostructured nanowires with enhanced supercapacitor performance.

  2011cited by this paper
• Antiviral Drugs for Viruses Other Than Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  2011cited by this paper
• Network-Based Prediction and Analysis of HIV Dependency Factors

  2011cited by this paper
• FunSecKB: the Fungal Secretome KnowledgeBase

  2011cited by this paper
• The virus as metabolic engineer

  2010cited by this paper
• Potential Influence of Climate Change on Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases: A Review and Proposed Research Plan

  2010cited by this paper
• Biosynthesis and functions of bacillithiol, a major low-molecular-weight thiol in Bacilli

  2010cited by this paper
• Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information

  2008cited by this paper
• The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: measuring disease burden and costs.

  2007influential reference
• STRING: known and predicted protein–protein associations, integrated and transferred across organisms

  2004cited by this paper
• Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks.

  2003cited by this paper
• The global value of vaccination.

  2003cited by this paper
• DIP, the Database of Interacting Proteins: a research tool for studying cellular networks of protein interactions

  2002cited by this paper
• Virus taxonomy: classification and nomenclature of viruses. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

  2000cited by this paper
• Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Improved prediction of virus-human protein-protein interactions by incorporating network topology and viral molecular mimicry

  2026cites this paper
• Boeravinone derivatives from Boerhavia diffusa potently target GMP synthase in drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: An AI-guided in silico approach to combat antimicrobial resistance.

  2025cites this paper
• The Effect of the CBL-CIPK Signaling Pathway on Cucumber Plants Growth under High CO2 and Low Nitrogen Conditions.

  2025cites this paper
• Blood-based DNA methylation markers for autism spectrum disorder identification using machine learning.

  2025cites this paper
• Identification of severity related mutation hotspots in SARS-CoV-2 using a density-based clustering approach

  2025cites this paper
• Computational function prediction of bacteria and phage proteins

  2025cites this paper
• Leveraging network pharmacology for drug discovery: Integrative approaches and emerging insights

  2025cites this paper
• Machine learning driven identification of therapeutic phytochemicals targeting Hepatocellular carcinoma

  2025cites this paper
• Intrinsic disorder angle of the HCV co-infection and super-infection with other hepatitis viruses

  2025cites this paper
• Integrating bioinformatics with network pharmacology and experimental validation analysis to reveal the pharmacological mechanism of Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang in treating viral pneumonia

  2025cites this paper
• Bipartite Graph Analysis of the Virus-Host Protein Interaction Network to Identify Key Proteins Mediating the Infection.

  2025cites this paper
• Integrated bioinformatics and network pharmacology analysis to reveal the therapeutic targets and potential molecular mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lianhua-Qingwen capsule on Children's influenza

  2025cites this paper
• Decoding potential host protein targets against Flaviviridae using protein-protein interaction network.

  2025cites this paper
• Exosomes as Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tools: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

  2025cites this paper
• SEHI-PPI: An End-to-End Sampling-Enhanced Human-Influenza Protein-Protein Interaction Prediction Framework with Double-View Learning

  2025cites this paper
• Genetic insights into Staphylococcus aureus resistance: exploring AMR genes and molecular interactions

  2025cites this paper
• VITALdb: to select the best viroinformatics tools for a desired virus or application

  2025influential citation
• Identification and evaluation of bioactive compounds from Azadirachta indica as potential inhibitors of DENV-2 capsid protein: An integrative study utilizing network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and machine learning techniques

  2025cites this paper
• Unveiling the ghost: machine learning’s impact on the landscape of virology

  2025cites this paper
• Unraveling the Network Signatures of Oncogenicity in Virus–Human Protein–Protein Interactions

  2025cites this paper
• Network pharmacology and single-cell transcriptomic analysis with molecular docking to elucidate the potential compounds and targets of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc. for hepatocellular carcinoma

  2024cites this paper
• Association between exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances with estimated glomerular filtration rate: Mediating role of serum albumin.

  2024cites this paper
• Prediction of Human Papillomavirus-Host Oncoprotein Interactions Using Deep Learning

  2024influential citation
• Exploration of drug repurposing for Mpox outbreaks targeting gene signatures and host-pathogen interactions

  2024cites this paper
• Evolutionary Analysis and Antiviral Drug Prediction of Mpox Virus

  2024cites this paper
• Bioinformatic Resources for Exploring Human–virus Protein–protein Interactions Based on Binding Modes

  2024cites this paper
• Investigating PPT2’s role in ovarian cancer prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes

  2024influential citation
• BUB1 as a novel marker for predicting the immunotherapy efficacy and prognosis of breast cancer

  2024cites this paper
• Integrating multi-omics to unravel host-microbiome interactions in inflammatory bowel disease

  2024cites this paper
• Exogenous interactome analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus-host using network based-approach and identification of hub genes and important pathways involved in virus pathogenesis

  2024cites this paper
• Targeting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway with PNU120596 protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury.

  2024cites this paper
• Identification of key immune-related genes and potential therapeutic targets in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis.

  2024cites this paper
• Bioinformatics Goes Viral: I. Databases, Phylogenetics and Phylodynamics Tools for Boosting Virus Research

  2024cites this paper
• Identification and Mendelian randomization validation of pathogenic gene biomarkers in obstructive sleep apnea

  2024cites this paper
• Genotypic Profiling, Functional Analysis, Cholesterol-Lowering Ability, and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K25 via Different Approaches

  2024cites this paper
• Unraveling the anti-breast cancer activity of Cimicifugae rhizoma using biological network pathways and molecular dynamics simulation

  2024cites this paper
• The activation of HAMP promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation through zinc-mediated upregulation of SMAD4 expression

  2024cites this paper
• Cat-E: A comprehensive web tool for exploring cancer targeting strategies

  2024cites this paper
• Exploring Viral–Host Protein Interactions as Antiviral Therapies: A Computational Perspective

  2024cites this paper
• Analysis of the Potential Angiogenic Mechanisms of BuShenHuoXue Decoction against Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

  2024cites this paper
• Human‐virus protein‐protein interactions maps assist in revealing the pathogenesis of viral infection

  2024cites this paper
• Anoikis-related mRNA-lncRNA and DNA methylation profiles for overall survival prediction in breast cancer patients.

  2024cites this paper
• Virulence network of interacting domains of influenza a and mouse proteins

  2023cites this paper
• Tongqiao Huoxue decoction alleviates neurological impairment following ischemic stroke via the PTGS2/NF-kappa B axis.

  2023cites this paper
• Genome-wide identification, evolutionary analysis of 4CL gene family and expression analysis in banana

  2023cites this paper
• Multi-omics data integration reveals the complexity and diversity of host factors associated with influenza virus infection

  2023influential citation
• Identification of key pharmacological components and targets for Aidi injection in the treatment of pancreatic cancer by UPLC-MS, network pharmacology, and in vivo experiments

  2023cites this paper
• Functional Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus–Host and Virus–Virus Protein Interactions

  2023cites this paper
• Cross-Domain Relation Adaptation

  2023cites this paper
• Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution Analysis of PI-PLC Family and Their Expression Patterns in Response to Different Hormones and Growth in Banana (Musa L.)

  2023cites this paper
• RNA-Sequencing Characterization of lncRNA and mRNA Functions in Septic Pig Liver Injury

  2023cites this paper
• Potential Targets and Mechanisms of Jiedu Quyu Ziyin Decoction for Treating SLE-GIOP: Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

  2023cites this paper
• Gene network interaction analysis to elucidate the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in the Clostridiumdifficile.

  2023cites this paper
• A primer on correlation-based dimension reduction methods for multi-omics analysis

  2023cites this paper
• Pathogen-driven cancers from a structural perspective: Targeting host-pathogen protein-protein interactions

  2023cites this paper
• Virus-host protein-protein interactions as molecular drug targets for arboviral infections

  2022cites this paper
• Investigating the Molecular Mechanism of Xijiao Dihuang Decoction for the Treatment of SLE Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis

  2022cites this paper
• An in silico and in vitro integrated analysis method to reveal the curative mechanisms and pharmacodynamic substances of Bufei granule on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

  2022cites this paper
• Exploration of the Immuno-Inflammatory Potential Targets of Xinfeng Capsule in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis Based on Data Mining, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking

  2022cites this paper
• Non-Cytokine Protein Profile of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome That Regulates the Androgen Production Pathway

  2022cites this paper
• Databases, Knowledgebases, and Software Tools for Virus Informatics.

  2022cites this paper
• Identifikasi Interaksi Protein-Protein Meningitis Menggunakan ClusterONE dan Analisis Jaringan

  2022influential citation
• PHILM2Web: A high-throughput database of macromolecular host–pathogen interactions on the Web

  2022cites this paper
• The Landscape of Virus-Host Protein–Protein Interaction Databases

  2022cites this paper
• Viral hijacking mechanism in humans through protein-protein interactions.

  2022cites this paper
• Virus-host interaction analysis in colorectal cancer identifies core virus network signature and small molecules

  2022cites this paper
• Analysis of protein-protein interaction to obtain significant protein in influenza virus type A/H9N2

  2022cites this paper
• Viral informatics: bioinformatics-based solution for managing viral infections

  2022cites this paper
• Unraveling the multi-targeted curative potential of bioactive molecules against cervical cancer through integrated omics and systems pharmacology approach

  2022cites this paper
• Geometric Deep Learning for Protein–Protein Interaction Predictions

  2022cites this paper
• Identification of immune and stromal cell infiltration-related gene signature for prognosis prediction in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

  2022cites this paper
• Analysis of Host–Bacteria Protein Interactions Reveals Conserved Domains and Motifs That Mediate Fundamental Infection Pathways

  2022cites this paper
• Rational drug repositioning for coronavirus-associated diseases using directional mapping and side-effect inference

  2022cites this paper
• Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking of Shiwei Qingwen Decoction Reveal TNF as a Potential Target for Alleviating Mild COVID-19 Symptoms

  2022cites this paper
• An in silico comparative transcriptome analysis identifying hub lncRNAs and mRNAs in brain metastatic small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

  2022cites this paper
• Cytoscape stringApp 2.0: Analysis and Visualization of Heterogeneous Biological Networks

  2022cites this paper
• Advances in the field of phage-based therapy with special emphasis on computational resources

  2022cites this paper
• Comparative genomics and integrated system biology approach unveiled undirected phylogeny patterns, mutational hot spots, functional patterns and molecule repurposing for monkey pox virus

  2022cites this paper
• Penerapan K-Means dan Analisis Jaringan untuk Identifikasi Protein-Meningitis Signifikan Berdasarkan Interaksi Antar Protein

  2022cites this paper
• Journal Pre-proof Rational drug repositioning for coronavirus-associated diseases using directional mapping and side effect inference

  2022cites this paper
• Journal Pre-proof Rational drug repositioning for coronavirus-associated diseases using directional mapping and side effect inference

  2022cites this paper
• Prediction of Human-Plasmodium vivax Protein Associations From Heterogeneous Network Structures Based on Machine-Learning Approach

  2021cites this paper
• A systematic bioinformatics approach for large-scale identification and characterization of host-pathogen shared sequences

  2021cites this paper
• Key genes affecting the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma identified by RNA-sequencing and bioinformatic analysis

  2021cites this paper
• The future of zoonotic risk prediction

  2021cites this paper
• Finding functional associations between prokaryotic virus orthologous groups: a proof of concept

  2021cites this paper
• Biomolecule and Bioentity Interaction Databases in Systems Biology: A Comprehensive Review

  2021cites this paper
• Viroinformatics: a modern approach to counter viral diseases through computational informatics

  2021cites this paper
• Over-Expression and Prognostic Significance of FN1, Correlating With Immune Infiltrates in Thyroid Cancer

  2021cites this paper
• Immune implication of FAM83D gene in hepatocellular carcinoma

  2021cites this paper
• Identification of tumor microenvironment-related prognostic genes in colorectal cancer based on bioinformatic methods

  2021cites this paper
• Integrative resource for network-based investigation of COVID-19 combinatorial drug repositioning and mechanism of action

  2021cites this paper
• Two novel oxetane containing lignans and a new megastigmane from Paronychia arabica and in silico analysis of them as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors

  2021cites this paper
• Identification of Disease-Specific Hub Biomarkers and Immune Infiltration in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Tissues by Bioinformatics Analysis

  2021cites this paper
• Intracranial VCAM1 at time of mechanical thrombectomy predicts ischemic stroke severity

  2021cites this paper
• Computational Biology and Machine Learning Approaches to Understand Mechanistic Microbiome-Host Interactions

  2021cites this paper
• A Perspective on Immune Cell Metabolic Models for Hostbased Therapeutic Discovery against COVID-19

  2021cites this paper
• Viral movement-cellular protein interaction

  2021cites this paper
• Zoonotic Risk Technology Enters the Viral Emergence Toolkit

  2021cites this paper
• Interactions of HIV-1 Capsid with Host Factors and Their Implications for Developing Novel Therapeutics

  2021cites this paper