The Role of Hypoxia in Re-educating Macrophages in the Tumour Environment

Monocytes and macrophages are myeloid cells which originate in the bone marrow and are essential in the primary defence against infection by bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. These cells circulate as monocytes in the bloodstream before undergoing extravasation and migration into adjacent tissues, where they differentiate into resident macrophages. Considerable monocyte extravasation occurs at the initial stages of inflammation, wound healing, tumour onset and various other diseases in response to chemotactic signals. In many instances these inflamed and/or diseased tissues have been shown to include areas of extremely low oxygen tension, termed hypoxia, by the measurement of oxygen concentrations using microelectrodes, use of hypoxic cell markers and/or expression of specific hypoxia-upregulated proteins. Such hypoxic areas are evident in the majority of malignant human cancers, including those of the breast, brain, cervix, head/neck, and soft tissue sarcomas (Raleigh et al., 2001; Vaupel et al., 1989), and are caused by an inability of the supporting vasculature to keep up with the oxygen demands of the rapidly increasing tumour mass (Shannon et al., 2003; Vaupel et al., 2005).

• Publication year

  2012

• Venue

  Unknown venue

• Publication date

  2012-03-30

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.5772/48976
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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