Bone regeneration procedures aim at recapitulating optimal wound healing where tissue components are restored to the form and function required for tissue and organ homeostasis (Zohar T Bueno G Dimitriou et al. 2011). Examples of ideal bone regeneration include the healing of a healthy tooth extraction socket or a simple bone fracture. This is not the case in non-union fractures, or extensive damage as a result of tumour removal or bone subjected to chemotherapy, where the overall wound healing ability may be compromised (Dimitriou et al. 2011). Bone is a specialized connective tissue consisting of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts embedded in a mineralized matrix capable of remodelling, renewing and load bearing. Optimal bone regenerative therapy will enhance mineralized tissue wound healing through enrichment of the wound/bone defect with a matrix scaffold to support the wound, cells that will give rise to osteoprogenitors and inducer molecules, such as growth factors to amplify activity of cells or events responsible for bone formation. New regenerative approaches may include a combination of these factors in part or as a whole. The temporal, spatial activity and maturation of these three components (i.e. cells, matrix and inducer molecules) during bone regeneration has to be a coordinated and integrative process. Delayed, reduced or lack of activity of any of these components may result in repair and not regeneration of a remodelling functional bone. Cell therapy is compared to the gold standard of autogenous bone marrow grafting, which is considered to be enriched with mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and inducer molecules; marrow grafting usually offers predicative regenerative approach. Matrix grafting has to offer mechanical support for the regenerative process to interact with the differentiating osteoprogenitor cells and provide the conditions for the cells to deposit host bone matrix. Grafted inducer molecules need to interact with both the developed matrix and differentiating osteoprogenitors to assure bone matrix deposition and mineralization (Figure 1).
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- Publication year
2012
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Unknown venue
- Publication date
2012-04-04
- Fields of study
Biology, Medicine, Materials Science, Chemistry
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