Plant Immunity Is Compartmentalized and Specialized in Roots

Roots are important organs for plant survival. In recent years, clear differences between roots and shoots in their respective plant defense strategies have been highlighted. Some putative gene markers of defense responses usually used in leaves are less relevant in roots and are sometimes not even expressed. Immune responses in roots appear to be tissue-specific suggesting a compartmentalization of defense mechanisms in root systems. Furthermore, roots are able to activate specific defense mechanisms in response to various elicitors including Molecular/Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns, (MAMPs/PAMPs), signal compounds (e.g., hormones) and plant defense activator (e.g., β-aminobutyric acid, BABA). This review discusses recent findings in root defense mechanisms and illustrates the necessity to discover new root specific biomarkers. The development of new strategies to control root disease and improve crop quality will also be reviewed.

• Publication year

  2018

• Venue

  Frontiers in Plant Science

• Publication date

  2018-11-28

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3389/fpls.2018.01692PMID 30546372PMCID 6279857
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Correction: The Sulfated Laminarin Triggers a Stress Transcriptome before Priming the SA- and ROS-Dependent Defenses during Grapevine's Induced Resistance against Plasmopara viticola

  2018cited by this paper
• Extracellular DAMPs in Plants and Mammals: Immunity, Tissue Damage and Repair.

  2018cited by this paper
• Defence signalling marker gene responses to hormonal elicitation differ between roots and shoots

  2018cited by this paper
• Control of light leaf spot and clubroot in brassica crops using defence elicitors

  2017cited by this paper
• Interplay Between Innate Immunity and the Plant Microbiota.

  2017cited by this paper
• Ralstonia solanacearum Differentially Colonizes Roots of Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Plants.

  2017cited by this paper
• PYK10 myrosinase reveals a functional coordination between endoplasmic reticulum bodies and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana

  2017cited by this paper
• Jasmonic acid causes short- and long-term alterations to the transcriptome and the expression of defense genes in sugarbeet roots

  2017cited by this paper
• In roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, the damage-associated molecular pattern AtPep1 is a stronger elicitor of immune signalling than flg22 or the chitin heptamer

  2017influential reference
• Root assays to study pattern-triggered immunity in plant-nematode interactions

  2017cited by this paper
• Recognizing Plant Defense Priming.

  2016cited by this paper
• Root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.

  2016cited by this paper
• DAMPs, MAMPs, and NAMPs in plant innate immunity

  2016cited by this paper
• Chitosan Effects on Plant Systems

  2016cited by this paper
• Root exudate of Solanum tuberosum is enriched in galactose-containing molecules and impacts the growth of Pectobacterium atrosepticum.

  2016cited by this paper
• An ethoxylated surfactant enhances the penetration of the sulfated laminarin through leaf cuticle and stomata, leading to increased induced resistance against grapevine downy mildew.

  2016cited by this paper
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Body–Related Gene Expression in Different Root Zones of Arabidopsis Isolated by Laser‐Assisted Microdissection

  2016cited by this paper
• PYK10 myrosinase reveals a functional coordination between endoplasmic reticulum bodies and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana

  2016cited by this paper
• Root Border Cells and Their Role in Plant Defense.

  2016influential reference
• Escaping Underground Nets: Extracellular DNases Degrade Plant Extracellular Traps and Contribute to Virulence of the Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum

  2016cited by this paper
• Root-knot nematodes induce pattern-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.

  2016cited by this paper
• Elicitation of Anthocyanin Production in Roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana by Methyl Jasmonate

  2015cited by this paper
• Biotic elicitors and mechanical damage modulate glucosinolate accumulation by co-ordinated interplay of glucosinolate biosynthesis regulators in polyploid Brassica juncea.

  2015cited by this paper
• Methyl jasmonate affects morphology, number and activity of endoplasmic reticulum bodies in Raphanus sativus root cells.

  2015influential reference
• Signaling mechanisms in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).

  2015cited by this paper
• Fusarium oxysporum Triggers Tissue-Specific Transcriptional Reprogramming in Arabidopsis thaliana

  2015cited by this paper
• Biostimulant activity of chitosan in horticulture

  2015cited by this paper
• Tissue-specific FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) expression in roots restores immune responses in Arabidopsis fls2 mutants.

  2015cited by this paper
• Priming of plant resistance by natural compounds. Hexanoic acid as a model

  2014cited by this paper
• Carbohydrates in plant immunity and plant protection: roles and potential application as foliar sprays

  2014cited by this paper
• The Sulfated Laminarin Triggers a Stress Transcriptome before Priming the SA- and ROS-Dependent Defenses during Grapevine's Induced Resistance against Plasmopara viticola

  2014cited by this paper
• Expression patterns of FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 map to bacterial entry sites in plant shoots and roots

  2014cited by this paper
• ER bodies in plants of the Brassicales order: biogenesis and association with innate immunity

  2014cited by this paper
• Benzothiadiazole effect in the compatible tomato-Meloidogyne incognita interaction: changes in giant cell development and priming of two root anionic peroxidases

  2014cited by this paper
• Enhanced root uptake of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) by tomato plants inoculated with selected Bacillus plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)

  2014cited by this paper
• Genetic and cellular mechanisms regulating plant responses to necrotrophic pathogens.

  2013cited by this paper
• The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms.

  2013cited by this paper
• Induced resistance in maize is based on organ-specific defence responses.

  2013cited by this paper
• Deciphering the Responses of Root Border-Like Cells of Arabidopsis and Flax to Pathogen-Derived Elicitors1[C][W]

  2013influential reference
• Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future.

  2013cited by this paper
• The genetic and molecular basis of plant resistance to pathogens.

  2013cited by this paper
• MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) triggered immunity in plants

  2013cited by this paper
• Elicitor-Induced Defense Responses in Solanum lycopersicum against Ralstonia solanacearum

  2013cited by this paper
• CROP PROTECTION : NEW STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Elicitors as alternative strategy to pesticides in grapevine ? Current knowledge on their mode of action from controlled conditions to vineyard

  2013cited by this paper
• Root border cells and secretions as critical elements in plant host defense.

  2013influential reference
• Plants Know Where It Hurts: Root and Shoot Jasmonic Acid Induction Elicit Differential Responses in Brassica oleracea

  2013influential reference
• More beneath the surface? Root versus shoot antifungal plant defenses

  2013cited by this paper
• Role of Elicitors in Inducing Resistance in Plants against Pathogen Infection: A Review

  2013cited by this paper
• An experimental system to study responses of Medicago truncatula roots to chitin oligomers of high degree of polymerization and other microbial elicitors

  2013cited by this paper
• The Physiological Importance of Glucosinolates on Plant Response to Abiotic Stress in Brassica

  2013cited by this paper
• Emergy Analysis and Sustainability Efficiency Analysis of Different Crop-Based Biodiesel in Life Cycle Perspective

  2013cited by this paper
• Postharvest jasmonic acid treatment of sugarbeet roots reduces rot due to Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium claviforme, and Phoma betae

  2012cited by this paper
• Stimulateurs des défenses naturelles des plantes : une nouvelle stratégie phytosanitaire dans un contexte d’écoproduction durable. : II. Intérêt des SDN en protection des cultures

  2012cited by this paper
• PAMPs, MAMPs, DAMPs et autres : mise à jour de la diversité des éliciteurs de l'immunité des plantes

  2012cited by this paper
• Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Their potential as antagonists and biocontrol agents

  2012cited by this paper
• Effect of Arabinogalactan Proteins from the Root Caps of Pea and Brassica napus on Aphanomyces euteiches Zoospore Chemotaxis and Germination12[C][W]

  2012cited by this paper
• Transcriptional activation and production of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites in arabidopsis roots contributes to the defense against the fungal vascular pathogen Verticillium longisporum.

  2012cited by this paper
• PAMPs, MAMPs, DAMPs and others: an update on the diversity of plant immunity elicitors

  2012cited by this paper
• Broad-Spectrum Suppression of Innate Immunity Is Required for Colonization of Arabidopsis Roots by the Fungus Piriformospora indica1[C][W]

  2011cited by this paper
• The changes in pectin metabolism in flax infected with Fusarium.

  2011cited by this paper
• Molecular aspects of defence priming.

  2011cited by this paper
• Expression Analysis of Defense-Related Genes in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) after Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Infection and Following Chemical Elicitation using a Salicylic Acid Analog and Methyl Jasmonate

  2011cited by this paper
• Response and tolerance of root border cells to aluminum toxicity in soybean seedlings.

  2011cited by this paper
• Saccharin-induced systemic acquired resistance against rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) infection in soybean: Effects on growth and development

  2011cited by this paper
• Association between border cell responses and localized root infection by pathogenic Aphanomyces euteiches.

  2011influential reference
• Induction of phenolics, lignin and key defense enzymes in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) roots in response to elicitors

  2010influential reference
• Innate Immune Responses Activated in Arabidopsis Roots by Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns[W][OA]

  2010cited by this paper
• The immediate activation of defense responses in Arabidopsis roots is not sufficient to prevent Phytophthora parasitica infection.

  2010cited by this paper
• Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae[W]

  2010cited by this paper
• Interplant Communication of Tomato Plants through Underground Common Mycorrhizal Networks

  2010cited by this paper
• Induction of resistance to root-knot nematodes by SAR elicitors in tomato

  2010cited by this paper
• Transient exposure of root tips to primary and secondary metabolites: Impact on root growth and production of border cells

  2010cited by this paper
• Soil application of imidacloprid and related SAR-inducing compounds produces effective and persistent control of citrus canker

  2009cited by this paper
• Effect of jasmonic acid on the induction of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activities in relation to date palm resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis

  2009cited by this paper
• Salicylic acid-induced resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato.

  2009cited by this paper
• A renaissance of elicitors: perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition receptors.

  2009cited by this paper
• Hexanoic acid-induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants.

  2009cited by this paper
• Evaluation of disease control provided by the SAR-inducer Benzothiadiazole (Bion) in strawberry.

  2009cited by this paper
• Methyl jasmonate-induced antioxidant defence in root apoplast from sunflower seedlings

  2009cited by this paper
• Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases 3 and 6 Are Required for Full Priming of Stress Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana[W][OA]

  2009cited by this paper
• Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis roots treated with signaling compounds: a focus on signal transduction, metabolic regulation and secretion.

  2008cited by this paper
• Basic compatibility of Albugo candida in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica juncea causes broad-spectrum suppression of innate immunity.

  2008cited by this paper
• Reinforcement of cell wall in roots of Lycopersicon esculentum through induction of phenolic compounds and lignin by elicitors

  2007cited by this paper
• Infection process and the interaction of rice roots with rhizobia.

  2007cited by this paper
• Root Infection and Systemic Colonization of Maize by Colletotrichum graminicola

  2007cited by this paper
• Bacteria-derived Peptidoglycans Constitute Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns Triggering Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis*

  2007cited by this paper
• Rates of root and organism growth, soil conditions, and temporal and spatial development of the rhizosphere.

  2006cited by this paper
• Ligand-induced endocytosis of the pattern recognition receptor FLS2 in Arabidopsis.

  2006cited by this paper
• The plant immune system

  2006cited by this paper
• Extracellular Proteins in Pea Root Tip and Border Cell Exudates1[OA]

  2006cited by this paper
• Journal of Experimental Botany Advance Access published May 23, 2006 Journal of Experimental Botany, Page 1 of 11

  2006cited by this paper
• The role of salicylic acid in defense response of tomato to root-knot nematodes

  2006cited by this paper
• Plants and animals: a different taste for microbes?

  2005cited by this paper
• The Arabidopsis Receptor Kinase FLS2 Binds flg22 and Determines the Specificity of Flagellin Perception[W]

  2005cited by this paper
• Root Defense Responses to Fungal Pathogens: A Molecular Perspective

  2005cited by this paper
• Defense and resistance-inducing activities in tobacco of the sulfated beta-1,3 glucan PS3 and its synergistic activities with the unsulfated molecule.

  2005cited by this paper
• β-1,3 Glucan Sulfate, but Not β-1,3 Glucan, Induces the Salicylic Acid Signaling Pathway in Tobacco and Arabidopsis

  2004cited by this paper
• Unravelling rhizosphere-microbial interactions: opportunities and limitations.

  2004cited by this paper
• Gene expression profile changes in cotton root and hypocotyl tissues in response to infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum.

  2004cited by this paper
• β-Aminobutyric Acid-induced Resistance in Plants

  2004cited by this paper

• Genome-wide identification of the phospholipase gene family in Panax notoginseng and functional analysis of PnPLA1-8 response to Fusarium oxysporum infection.

  2026cites this paper
• Using natural biostimulants for enhancing defense response of tomatoes against aphids

  2026cites this paper
• Ca2+ and ROS signalling exhibit divergent root-specific dynamics in Arabidopsis responses to abiotic stress and PAMPs

  2026cites this paper
• Tomato Roots Exhibit Development‐Specific Responses to Bacterial‐Derived Peptides

  2025cites this paper
• Below-ground tissues of Capsicum annuum respond to conserved bacterial peptides with pattern-triggered immunity

  2025cites this paper
• Single-cell transcriptomic analysis highlights specific cell types manipulated by Fusarium head blight fungus leading to wheat susceptibility.

  2025cites this paper
• A root-based N-hydroxypipecolic acid standby circuit to direct immunity and growth of Arabidopsis shoots

  2025cites this paper
• Viral population dynamics and host reprogramming: Insights into grapevine leaf mottling and deformation disease (GLMD) development

  2025cites this paper
• Adaptive transcriptional strategies underpin the host-specific virulence of the generalist oomycete Phytophthora capsici during early crown infection

  2025cites this paper
• Catch crop amendments and microbial inoculants differently modulate apple rhizosphere microbiomes and plant responses

  2025cites this paper
• The resistance awakens: Diversity at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels informs engineering of plant immune receptors from Arabidopsis to crops

  2025cites this paper
• Design and Evaluation of Synthetic Microbial Communities for Effective Fire Blight Disease Control in Apples

  2025cites this paper
• Endophytic and Rhizospheric Microorganisms: An Alternative for Sustainable, Organic, and Regenerative Bioinput Formulations for Modern Agriculture

  2025influential citation
• Rooted in Communication: Exploring Auxin–Salicylic Acid Nexus in Root Growth and Development

  2025cites this paper
• Soybean RIN4 represents a mechanistic link between plant immune and symbiotic signaling

  2025influential citation
• A metabolomics perspective on root‐derived plant immunity and phytohormone interaction

  2024cites this paper
• The levels of pattern-triggered immunity in the root and stembase of tomato cultivars positively correlate with the resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum

  2024cites this paper
• The FERONIA-RESPONSIVE TO DESSICATION 26 module regulates vascular immunity to Ralstonia solanacearum.

  2024cites this paper
• The root extracellular trap; a complex and dynamic biomatrix network essential for plant protection.

  2024cites this paper
• Tomato roots exhibit distinct, development-specific responses to bacterial-derived peptides

  2024cites this paper
• Пограничные клетки корневого апекса: роль в стратегиях адаптации и корневом иммунитете

  2024cites this paper
• Plant cell wall structure and dynamics in plant-pathogen interactions and pathogen defence.

  2024cites this paper
• Circadian rhythms of microbial communities and their role in regulating nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in the rhizosphere of tea plants

  2024cites this paper
• Border Cells of the Root Apex: Role in Adaptation Strategies and Root Immunity

  2024cites this paper
• Chitosan stimulates root hair callose deposition, endomembrane dynamics, and inhibits root hair growth

  2024cites this paper
• Rhizosphere microbiome assembly, drivers and functions in perennial ligneous plant health.

  2024cites this paper
• Comprehensive metabolome characterization of leaves, internodes, and aerial roots of Vanilla planifolia by untargeted LC–MS and GC × GC–MS

  2024cites this paper
• Infection of Phytophthora palmivora Isolates on Arabidopsis thaliana

  2024cites this paper
• Adaptive regulation of miRNAs/milRNAs in tissue-specific interaction between apple and Valsa mali

  2024cites this paper
• Sugar transporters spatially organize microbiota colonization along the longitudinal root axis of Arabidopsis.

  2024cites this paper
• Impact of Rhamnolipids (RLs), Natural Defense Elicitors, on Shoot and Root Proteomes of Brassica napus by a Tandem Mass Tags (TMTs) Labeling Approach

  2023cites this paper
• Innate immunity can distinguish beneficial from pathogenic rhizosphere microbiota

  2023cites this paper
• A fine-tuned defense at the pea root caps: Involvement of border cells and arabinogalactan proteins against soilborne diseases

  2023cites this paper
• Metabolomic exhibits different profiles and potential biomarkers of Vitis sp co-cultivated with Fusarium oxysporum for short, medium, and long times.

  2023cites this paper
• Tissues and mechanisms associated with Verticillium wilt resistance in tomato using bi-grafted near-isogenic lines

  2023cites this paper
• Application of plant extended phenotypes to manage the agricultural microbiome belowground

  2023cites this paper
• Root-priming with the extract of endophytic Penicillium sp. PM031 at a non-toxic concentration evokes resistance in its wilt-susceptible host tomato against Ralstonia solanacearum

  2023cites this paper
• Fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) are upregulated by salicylic acid together with defense-related genes in non-fructan accumulating plants.

  2023cites this paper
• Chitosan stimulates root hair callose deposition and inhibits root hair growth

  2023cites this paper
• NLR receptors in plant immunity: making sense of the alphabet soup

  2023cites this paper
• Molecular interactions between the soilborne pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and its host plants

  2023cites this paper
• Comparative proteomic analysis of the moderately resistant and susceptible peanut cultivars during infestation by Cylindrocladium parasiticum

  2023cites this paper
• Pre-germination treatments of melon seeds for the production of seedlings irrigated with biosaline water.

  2022cites this paper
• Development specifies, diversifies and empowers root immunity

  2022cites this paper
• Ferulic acid is a putative surrender signal to stimulate programmed cell death in grapevines after infection with Neofusicoccum parvum.

  2022cites this paper
• Micro-morpho-anatomical transitions at various stages of in vitro development of Crinum malabaricum Lekhak and Yadav: A critically endangered medicinal plant.

  2022cites this paper
• Elicitation of Roots and AC-DC with PEP-13 Peptide Shows Differential Defense Responses in Multi-Omics

  2022cites this paper
• Phytostimulants in sustainable agriculture

  2022cites this paper
• Ethylene Plays a Dual Role during Infection by Plasmodiophora brassicae of Arabidopsis thaliana

  2022cites this paper
• Strategic roadmap to assess forest vulnerability under air pollution and climate change

  2022cites this paper
• Using plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) to improve plant development under in vitro culture conditions

  2022cites this paper
• Comparative analysis of anatomical structure, assimilate accumulation and gene expression in lignin and carbohydrate metabolism pathway during taproot thickening of taicai and pak choi

  2022cites this paper
• Effect of biotic elicitors on the physiology, redox system, and secondary metabolite composition of Lippia alba (Mill.) cultivated in vitro

  2022cites this paper
• Simple Bioassay for PAMP-Triggered Immunity in Rice Seedlings Based on Lateral Root Growth Inhibition

  2022cites this paper
• Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps

  2021cites this paper
• Multifunctional efficacy of the nodule endophyte Pseudomonas fragi in stimulating tomato immune response against Meloidogyne incognita

  2021cites this paper
• Adaptive defence and sensing responses of host plant roots to fungal pathogen attack revealed by transcriptome and metabolome analyses.

  2021cites this paper
• Engineering Multigenerational Host-Modulated Microbiota against Soilborne Pathogens in Response to Global Climate Change

  2021cites this paper
• A primary cell wall cellulose-dependent defense mechanism against vascular pathogens revealed by time-resolved dual transcriptomics

  2021cites this paper
• Different patterns in root and soil fungal diversity drive plant productivity of the desert truffle Terfezia claveryi in plantation.

  2021cites this paper
• Metabolite fingerprinting of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) root for the identification of altered metabolic pathways associated with basal stem rot (BSR) disease

  2021cites this paper
• Effects of double-stranded RNAs targeting Fusarium graminearum TRI6 on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxins.

  2021cites this paper
• Interactions between zinc and Phomopsis longicolla infection in roots of Glycine max.

  2021cites this paper
• Mechanisms in plant-microbiome interactions: lessons from model systems.

  2021cites this paper
• Maintaining symbiotic homeostasis: how do plants engage with beneficial microorganisms while at the same time restricting pathogens?

  2021cites this paper
• A genome-wide association study reveals cytokinin as a major component in the root defense responses against Ralstonia solanacearum

  2021cites this paper
• Initial development of tomato plants in response to biostimulants

  2021cites this paper
• Contrasting transcriptional responses to Fusarium virguliforme colonization in symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts

  2020cites this paper
• Plant-Pathogen Interactions: Underestimated Roles of Phyto-oxylipins.

  2020cites this paper
• Structural specificity in plant–filamentous pathogen interactions

  2020cites this paper
• VAPYRIN attenuates defence by repressing PR gene induction and localized lignin accumulation during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of Petunia hybrida

  2020cites this paper
• Plant roots employ cell-layer-specific programs to respond to pathogenic and beneficial microbes.

  2020cites this paper
• Biostimulants promote plant vigor of tomato and strawberry after transplanting

  2020cites this paper
• A Minimal Genetic Passkey to Unlock Many Legume Doors to Root Nodulation by Rhizobia

  2020cites this paper
• What is the molecular basis of nonhost resistance?

  2020cites this paper
• RootIX: An Easy and Ready to Use Tool for the Study of Plant Root Growth and Architecture.

  2020cites this paper
• Pattern‐triggered immunity restricts host colonization by endophytic fusaria, but does not affect endophyte‐mediated resistance

  2020cites this paper
• Jasmonic Acid, Not Salicyclic Acid Restricts Endophytic Root Colonization of Rice

  2020cites this paper
• Expression of Castanea crenata Allene Oxide Synthase in Arabidopsis Improves the Defense to Phytophthora cinnamomi

  2020influential citation
• Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum Using Endophyte-Mediated Resistance

  2020cites this paper
• High abundance of Ralstonia solanacearum changed tomato rhizosphere microbiome and metabolome

  2020cites this paper
• Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Activated Water Irrigation Induces Defense Hormone and Gene expression in Tomato seedlings

  2019cites this paper
• Crying out for help with root exudates: adaptive mechanisms by which stressed plants assemble health-promoting soil microbiomes.

  2019cites this paper
• UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Pattern-triggered immunity restricts host colonization by endophytic fusaria, but does not affect endophyte-mediated resistance

  year unknowncites this paper