Covalent Organic Frameworks: Chemistry beyond the Structure.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent a new field of rapidly growing chemical research that takes direct inspiration from diverse covalent bonds existing between atoms. The success of linking atoms in two and three dimensions to construct extended framework structures moved the chemistry of COFs beyond the structures to methodologies, highlighting the possibility of prospective applications. Although structure to property relation in COFs has led to fascinating properties, chemical stability, processability and scalability were some of the important challenges that needed to be overcome for their successful implementation. In this Perspective, we take a closer look at the growth of COFs from mere supramolecular structures to potential industrializable materials.

• Publication year

  2018

• Venue

  Journal of the American Chemical Society

• Publication date

  2018-11-28

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Chemistry

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1021/jacs.8b10334PMID 30485740
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Boosting lithium storage in covalent organic framework via activation of 14-electron redox chemistry

  2018cited by this paper
• Porosity Prediction through Hydrogen Bonding in Covalent Organic Frameworks.

  2018cited by this paper
• Seeded growth of single-crystal two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks

  2018cited by this paper
• Ultrastable Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sulfuric Acid Recovery: An Effect of Interlayer Hydrogen Bonding.

  2018cited by this paper
• Single-crystal x-ray diffraction structures of covalent organic frameworks

  2018cited by this paper
• Benzoxazole-Linked Ultrastable Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalysis.

  2018cited by this paper
• Colloidal Covalent Organic Frameworks

  2017cited by this paper
• Enabling Widespread Use of Microporous Materials for Challenging Organic Solvent Separations

  2017cited by this paper
• Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks via Michael Addition-Elimination.

  2017cited by this paper
• Two‐Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks for Optoelectronics and Energy Storage

  2017cited by this paper
• Directional Charge-Carrier Transport in Oriented Benzodithiophene Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films

  2017cited by this paper
• Two-dimensional sp2 carbon–conjugated covalent organic frameworks

  2017cited by this paper
• Selective Molecular Separation by Interfacially Crystallized Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films.

  2017cited by this paper
• Targeted Drug Delivery in Covalent Organic Nanosheets (CONs) via Sequential Postsynthetic Modification.

  2017cited by this paper
• Molecular Level Control of the Capacitance of Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: Role of Hydrogen Bonding in Energy Storage Materials

  2017cited by this paper
• Crystallization of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Gas Storage Applications

  2017cited by this paper
• Selective Molecular Sieving in Self‐Standing Porous Covalent‐Organic‐Framework Membranes

  2017cited by this paper
• Constructing Ultraporous Covalent Organic Frameworks in Seconds via an Organic Terracotta Process.

  2017cited by this paper
• Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) Comprising Exfoliated 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) for Efficient CO2 Separation

  2016cited by this paper
• Chemically Delaminated Free-Standing Ultrathin Covalent Organic Nanosheets.

  2016cited by this paper
• Azine-Linked Covalent Organic Framework (COF)-Based Mixed-Matrix Membranes for CO2 /CH4 Separation.

  2016cited by this paper
• Mechanically Shaped Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks Reveal Crystallographic Alignment and Fast Li-Ion Conductivity.

  2016cited by this paper
• Synthesis of a Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Monolayer through Dynamic Imine Chemistry at the Air/Water Interface.

  2016cited by this paper
• Chemically Stable Covalent Organic Framework (COF)-Polybenzimidazole Hybrid Membranes: Enhanced Gas Separation through Pore Modulation.

  2016cited by this paper
• Polymer nanofilms with enhanced microporosity by interfacial polymerization.

  2016cited by this paper
• Chemical Conversion of Linkages in Covalent Organic Frameworks.

  2016cited by this paper
• Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks with Spiroborate Linkage.

  2016cited by this paper
• Molecular docking sites designed for the generation of highly crystalline covalent organic frameworks

  2016cited by this paper
• Interplaying Intrinsic and Extrinsic Proton Conductivities in Covalent Organic Frameworks

  2016cited by this paper
• Sub–10 nm polyamide nanofilms with ultrafast solvent transport for molecular separation

  2015cited by this paper
• Stable, crystalline, porous, covalent organic frameworks as a platform for chiral organocatalysts.

  2015cited by this paper
• 3D Porous Crystalline Polyimide Covalent Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery.

  2015cited by this paper
• Chemistry of Covalent Organic Frameworks.

  2015cited by this paper
• Oriented Thin Films of a Benzodithiophene Covalent Organic Framework

  2014cited by this paper
• Dynamic covalent chemistry approaches toward macrocycles, molecular cages, and polymers.

  2014cited by this paper
• Phosphoric acid loaded azo (-N═N-) based covalent organic framework for proton conduction.

  2014cited by this paper
• A nanoporous two-dimensional polymer by single-crystal-to-single-crystal photopolymerization.

  2014cited by this paper
• 3D microporous base-functionalized covalent organic frameworks for size-selective catalysis.

  2014cited by this paper
• Gram-scale synthesis of two-dimensional polymer crystals and their structure analysis by X-ray diffraction.

  2014cited by this paper
• Room Temperature Synthesis of Covalent–Organic Framework Films through Vapor-Assisted Conversion

  2014cited by this paper
• β-Ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks capable of pseudocapacitive energy storage.

  2013cited by this paper
• A squaraine-linked mesoporous covalent organic framework.

  2013cited by this paper
• Enhancement of chemical stability and crystallinity in porphyrin-containing covalent organic frameworks by intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

  2013cited by this paper
• Constructing monocrystalline covalent organic networks by polymerization

  2013cited by this paper
• An azine-linked covalent organic framework.

  2013cited by this paper
• Conjugated organic framework with three-dimensionally ordered stable structure and delocalized π clouds

  2013cited by this paper
• Recent advances in dynamic covalent chemistry.

  2013cited by this paper
• Mechanochemical synthesis of chemically stable isoreticular covalent organic frameworks.

  2013cited by this paper
• Chemically stable multilayered covalent organic nanosheets from covalent organic frameworks via mechanical delamination.

  2013cited by this paper
• Targeted synthesis of a porous borazine-linked covalent organic framework.

  2012cited by this paper
• Construction of crystalline 2D covalent organic frameworks with remarkable chemical (acid/base) stability via a combined reversible and irreversible route.

  2012cited by this paper
• Nanoporous organic polymer networks

  2012cited by this paper
• Energy‐Efficient Dehumidification over Hierachically Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks as Advanced Water Adsorbents

  2012cited by this paper
• Graphene allotropes

  2011cited by this paper
• Crystalline covalent organic frameworks with hydrazone linkages.

  2011cited by this paper
• The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment

  2011cited by this paper
• Enhanced hydrolytic stability of self-assembling alkylated two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks.

  2011cited by this paper
• Filament-Level Modeling of Aramid-Based High-Performance Structural Materials

  2011cited by this paper
• Construction of covalent organic framework for catalysis: Pd/COF-LZU1 in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.

  2011cited by this paper
• Oriented 2D Covalent Organic Framework Thin Films on Single-Layer Graphene

  2011cited by this paper
• Review of the proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications

  2010cited by this paper
• Rapid Microwave Synthesis and Purification of Porous Covalent Organic Frameworks

  2009cited by this paper
• A crystalline imine-linked 3-D porous covalent organic framework.

  2009cited by this paper
• Porous, covalent triazine-based frameworks prepared by ionothermal synthesis.

  2008cited by this paper
• Covalent organic frameworks as exceptional hydrogen storage materials.

  2008cited by this paper
• Porous, Crystalline, Covalent Organic Frameworks

  2005cited by this paper
• Hydrogen bridges in crystal engineering: interactions without borders.

  2002cited by this paper
• Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose Ibeta from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction.

  2002cited by this paper
• HOW SHOULD CHEMISTS THINK

  1993cited by this paper
• Sintered Superhard Materials

  1980cited by this paper
• The total synthesis of vitamin B12

  1973cited by this paper
• THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS AND MOLECULES.

  1919cited by this paper
• The Atom and the Molecule

  1916cited by this paper

• Advances in sample pretreatment for the analysis of ketamine and its analogs: A review

  2026cites this paper
• Engineering Paramagnetic Spin Centers in Metal-Free Organic Frameworks.

  2026cites this paper
• Fabrication of NH2-MIL-125(Ti)@TpBD(SO3H)2 selective adsorption material for dispersive solid-phase extraction of quinolone antibiotics in fish and shrimp combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis.

  2026cites this paper
• Single-Crystalline Borate Covalent Organic Frameworks for Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

  2026cites this paper
• Structural tuning in redox active covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for next generation supercapacitive energy storage

  2026cites this paper
• Linker and linkage engineering in conjugated 3D covalent organic frameworks: Design, challenges, and applications

  2026cites this paper
• Covalent organic framework membranes for selective ion separation

  2026cites this paper
• Covalent organic frameworks for metal-gas batteries: fundamentals and applications.

  2026cites this paper
• Covalent Organic Framework (COFs) in Targeted Drug Delivery and Therapeutics: A Critical Review

  2026cites this paper
• Mechanically Strengthened Graphene Oxide: Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Monovalent/Divalent Cation Selectivity via Electrodialysis

  2026cites this paper
• Regulation of β-ketoenamine COFs planarity for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation/dehydrogenation performance

  2026cites this paper
• Fabrication and applications of ionic covalent organic framework membranes

  2026cites this paper
• Regulating Both In-Plane and Out-Of-Plane Supramolecular Interactions in COFs for Simultaneously Enhanced Crystallinity and Stability.

  2026cites this paper
• Metallic Covalent Organic Frameworks as Dual-Function Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions

  2026cites this paper
• Light-emitting tetraphenylethylene-containing covalent organic frameworks and its “on–off–on” fluorescence determination of ascorbic acid

  2026cites this paper
• Covalent organic frameworks as precision nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery: developments, hurdles, and horizons.

  2026cites this paper
• Redesigning Covalent Organic Framework Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization: A Step Forward in Electrochemical Desalination and Resource Recovery

  2026cites this paper
• Bottom-up synthesis of bridged Bis(β-cyclodextrin)-functionalized chiral COFs@SiO2 for enantioseparation in liquid chromatography.

  2026cites this paper
• Covalent Organic Frameworks for Electrochemical Water Splitting

  2026cites this paper
• COF/MXene-catalyzed 1,4-NADH regeneration and photoenzymatic CO2 reduction without electron mediator: Efficiency and mechanistic insights

  2026cites this paper
• A Crown Ether-Based Covalent Organic Polymer Composite Membrane and Its Application in Molecular Separation.

  2026cites this paper
• Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks for drug delivery: Linking structure and surface to stimuli-responsive release

  2026cites this paper
• Encapsulation of 211At(Ø)+ into a Nanoscale Covalent Organic Framework Prevents Deastatination In Vivo.

  2026cites this paper
• Interfacial microenvironment and ionomer engineering for regulating mass transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

  2026cites this paper
• Single metal (beyond platinum)-incorporated covalent organic framework-based materials for energy and catalytic sustainability

  2026cites this paper
• Development strategies and performance evaluation of proton exchange membranes

  2026cites this paper
• A Redox‐Active Tetrathiafulvalene‐Based 3D Covalent Organic Framework with scu Topology for Controllable Charge Transport

  2026cites this paper
• Mellitic Trianhydride Derived Crystalline and Amorphous Polyimide Networks Exhibit Structure Dependent Electrochemical Properties

  2026cites this paper
• Interface-engineered plasmonic covalent organic framework nanofilms on TiO2 nanotubes for universal mass spectrometry imaging

  2026cites this paper
• A Gold-Boron Covalent Framework Enabled by Pressure-Electron-Transfer Coupling with Tunable Electronic and Superconducting Properties

  2026cites this paper
• Scalable spray-UV fabrication of poly(vinyl alcohol)–charged covalent organic framework hybrid membranes for hypersaline desalination

  2026cites this paper
• Synergistic progress of MOF-in-COF hybrid systems as advanced multifunctional porous architectures and their interfacial chemistry

  2026cites this paper
• Triazacoronene-Driven Synthesis and Assembly of Two-Dimensional Vinylene-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Tuned with Conformational Rotation.

  2026cites this paper
• Flexible High-Aspect-Ratio COF Nanofibers: Defect-Engineered Synthesis, Superelastic Aerogels, and Uranium Extraction Applications

  2026cites this paper
• Atomically Thin Sieves: Two‐Dimensional Materials for Membrane Separation

  2026cites this paper
• Beyond the Multicomponent Debus-Radziszewski Route: Two-Component Cyclocondensation Constructing a 12 + 3-Connected aea Topology Three-Dimensional Imidazole-Linked COF for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment.

  2026cites this paper
• MALDI Matrix: Origins, Innovations, and Frontiers.

  2026cites this paper
• Efficient ammonia synthesis via electrocatalytic nitrate reduction over a [8 + 2]-connected three-dimensional metal-bipyridine covalent organic framework

  2026cites this paper
• Solvation-Mediated Assembly for Large-Scale Synthesis of Covalent Organic Framework Membranes.

  2026cites this paper
• Chemical vapor deposition of Li-ion conductive covalent organic framework coatings on solid-state electrolytes

  2026cites this paper
• Ion channel-gated covalent organic framework membrane for sustainable lithium–sulfur batteries

  2025cites this paper
• Asymmetric Manganese Sites in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrocatalysis.

  2025cites this paper
• Design and structure-function interplay in covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

  2025cites this paper
• Emergence of covalent organic frameworks in forever chemicals Remediation: A comprehensive and Multifaceted review

  2025cites this paper
• Unraveling Dimensional Tuning: From 2D to 3D in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced 2e– Oxygen Reduction Reaction

  2025cites this paper
• Neutron-Radiation-Induced Strengthening and Toughening of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheet/Covalent Organic Framework Composites for Polymer Coatings in Radiative Environments

  2025cites this paper
• 有序多孔材料在色谱分离分析领域的应用

  2025cites this paper
• Protonation enhances the photocatalytic activity of bipyridine covalent organic framework for H2O2 production

  2025cites this paper
• Metal-organic framework- or covalent organic framework-derived highly porous carbons: Advantageous adsorptive removal of hazardous organics from water using the carbons, compared to conventional carbons

  2025cites this paper
• Mass Transport Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks.

  2025cites this paper
• Progress and prospect of covalent organic framework-based membranes for sustainable alkali metal batteries: A brief review

  2025cites this paper
• Advanced Microporous Framework Membranes for Sustainable Separation

  2025cites this paper
• Isomeric Separation of C6 Alkanes via Organic Solvent Reverse Osmosis with Covalent Organic Framework Membranes.

  2025cites this paper
• Structural design and property regulation of organic polymers for photocatalytic synthesis of H2O2

  2025cites this paper
• Structure-Induced Selectivity of Hydroxylated Covalent Organic Framework Nanofibers for Advanced Sensing Applications: An Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study

  2025cites this paper
• Dimensional and Isomeric Effects of Pyrene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on PET-RAFT Polymerization

  2025cites this paper
• Mechanochemically synthesized covalent organic frameworks as catalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction.

  2025cites this paper
• Anchorage of Ru(N^N)3 in (N^N)‐Covalent Organic Framework for Enhanced Photocatalytic Sulfide and Amine Oxidation

  2025cites this paper
• Advanced functional materials as high-performance fluorometric sensors for explosives detection

  2025cites this paper
• Structure design of a new efficient composite anion exchange membrane ion channel for water electrolysis

  2025cites this paper
• Synthesis of an amide-based gel as catalyst support for conversion of carbon dioxide

  2025cites this paper
• Preparation of palygorskite grafted fluorescent covalent organic framework and the application in C C coupling reactions

  2025cites this paper
• Benzotrifuran-based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Artificial Photosynthesis of H2O2 from H2O, O2 and Sunlight.

  2025cites this paper
• Azadiene-Linked Carbon-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic Efficiency in Organic Synthesis.

  2025cites this paper
• A Responsive 3D Covalent Organic Framework Membrane with Tunable Pore Sizes for Molecular Sieving

  2025cites this paper
• Evaluation of the Stability of β-Ketoenamine-Type Covalent Organic Framework Membranes in Organic Solvent

  2025cites this paper
• Porphyrin-based covalent organic framework with NIR absorption: Preparation, hyaluronic acid modification, and cascading a hypoxia-sensitive drug for synergistic therapy of cancer phototherapy/chemotherapy.

  2025cites this paper
• Green and large-scale production of covalent organic framework nanofiltration membranes

  2025cites this paper
• Linkage Chemistry of Covalent Organic Frameworks in Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis.

  2025cites this paper
• Zinc/Proton Hybrid Batteries Enabled by Interlayer Zn-Enolate-Coordination Bridges in Covalent Organic Frameworks

  2025cites this paper
• Efficient Separation of p-Diethylbenzene by Nonporous Adaptive Crystals of Prism[6]arene

  2025cites this paper
• Structural regulation of imine-linked benzothiadiazole-based covalent organic frameworks for efficient photocatalysis

  2025cites this paper
• A porous anthraquinone-porphyrin-based covalent organic framework for photocatalytic oxidation of amines to aldehydes

  2025cites this paper
• Covalent Organic Frameworks Enhance Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production through Synergistic Effects

  2025cites this paper
• A stable S-scheme heterojunction for sustainable photoelectrochemical cathodic protection of nickel-phosphorus-coated magnesium alloy

  2025cites this paper
• Electrically Conductive Functional Polymers and Application Progress in Lithium Batteries

  2025cites this paper
• Improved photocatalytic hydrogen production with the π-d conjugation between amino groups in COFs and CoS2, along with the S-scheme heterojunction

  2025cites this paper
• Selective and Rapid Pb (II) Adsorption by Core–Shell Zinc‐Glutamate‐MOF @Bth‐TFPOT‐COF: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Insights

  2025cites this paper
• Selective Adsorption of Magnesium Using Lithium Carboxylate-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks

  2025cites this paper
• Synthesis innovations for crystallizing covalent organic framework thin films on biological and non-biological substrates.

  2025cites this paper
• Industrialization of Covalent Organic Frameworks.

  2025cites this paper
• Insights into pore engineering of covalent organic framework membranes for small molecule separation

  2025cites this paper
• Rigidity Reinforcement of 3D Covalent Organic Frameworks by Controlling Interpenetration.

  2025cites this paper
• Advanced Porous Aromatic Frameworks: A Comprehensive Overview of Emerging Functional Strategies and Potential Applications.

  2025cites this paper
• A Phototautomeric 3D Covalent Organic Framework for Ratiometric Fluorescence Humidity Sensing.

  2025cites this paper
• FeMo6 integrated covalent organic frameworks: Peroxidase-mimetic colorimetric biosensors for multivariate sensing hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid in serum and beverages.

  2025cites this paper
• Construction of F, N-riched covalent organic framework adsorbent for efficient glucocorticoids adsorption

  2025cites this paper
• Ultra‐Low Density Covalent Organic Framework Sponges with Exceptional Compression and Functional Performance

  2025cites this paper
• Recent Progress of Covalent Organic Frameworks-Based Materials Used for CO2 Electrocatalytic Reduction: A Review.

  2025cites this paper
• MOF and related composites as selective functional separators and interlayers for Li-S batteries

  2025cites this paper
• Imaging of coexisting classical and non-classical oriented attachment growth pathways in covalent organic framework microcrystals

  2025cites this paper
• Harnessing interfacial engineering in covalent organic frameworks for lithium metal batteries

  2025cites this paper
• Micelle-Enabled In Situ Surface Modification of Porous Organic Polymers: Formation of Heterogeneous Microcolony for Efficient Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling in Water.

  2025cites this paper
• A Self‐Assembled Trinuclear Co(II) Catalyst for Efficient C─H Activation of Benzaldehydes under Solvent‐Free Condition

  2025cites this paper
• Enhanced Lithium-Ion Storage with Nitrogen-Enriched Triazine Covalent Organic Frameworks via Mechanical Exfoliation

  2025cites this paper
• Design of donor-acceptor covalent organic frameworks for photocatalytic hydrogen generation

  2025cites this paper
• Creating Sodium Ion Channels via De Novo Encapsulation of Ionophores for Enhanced Water Energy Harvesting

  2025cites this paper
• Mechanistic Insights into the Formation of Nanofibrous Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) and their Promotion to the Catalysis of Hydrodechlorination.

  2025cites this paper
• Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks with jcg Topology Based on a Trinodal Strategy.

  2025cites this paper
• Preparation, single-crystal structure and room-temperature phosphorescence of a covalent organic polymer containing Te–O–P bonds

  2025cites this paper