Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers.

No abstract is available for this paper.

• Publication year

  1999

• Venue

  American Psychologist

• Publication date

  1999-02-01

• Fields of study

  Psychology

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1037/0003-066X.54.2.93
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Assimiliation and Contrast

  2001cited by this paper
• Cognition and Survey Research

  2000cited by this paper
• Processing of Medical information in Aging Patients : Cognitive and Human Factors Perspectives

  1999cited by this paper
• Telling what they want to know: participants tailor causal attributions to researchers' interests

  1999cited by this paper
• Context effects in political judgement: assimilation and contrast as a function of categorization processes

  1998cited by this paper
• Looking back at anger: reference periods change the interpretation of emotion frequency questions.

  1998cited by this paper
• The Republican Who Did Not Want to Become President: Colin Powell's Impact on Evaluations of the Republican Party and Bob Dole

  1998influential reference
• FORMAL FEATURES OF RATING SCALES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF QUESTION MEANING

  1998cited by this paper
• Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles

  1998cited by this paper
• Questionnaire pretesting: Computer-assisted coding of concurrent protocols.

  1996cited by this paper
• Cognitive interviewing techniques: In the lab and in the field.

  1996cited by this paper
• ASKING SENSITIVE QUESTIONS THE IMPACT OF DATA COLLECTION MODE, QUESTION FORMAT, AND QUESTION CONTEXT

  1996cited by this paper
• Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles

  1996cited by this paper
• Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience.

  1996cited by this paper
• A coding system for appraising questionnaires.

  1996cited by this paper
• Using behavioral coding to identify cognitive problems with survey questions.

  1996cited by this paper
• Answering Questions: Methodology for Determining Cognitive and Communicative Processes in Survey Research

  1995cited by this paper
• Time Frames for Mood: Relations between Momentary and Generalized Ratings of Affect

  1995cited by this paper
• SUBSEQUENT QUESTIONS MAY INFLUENCE ANSWERS TO PRECEDING QUESTIONS IN MAIL SURVEYS

  1995cited by this paper
• Asking Questions

  1995cited by this paper
• Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports

  1995cited by this paper
• The numeric values of rating scales: a comparison of their impact in mail surveys and telephone interviews

  1995cited by this paper
• THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF REASONING : CONVERSATIONAL INFERENCE AND RATIONAL JUDGMENT

  1995cited by this paper
• BEHAVIORAL FREQUENCY JUDGMENTS - AN ACCESSIBILITY DIAGNOSTICITY FRAMEWORK

  1995cited by this paper
• SURVEY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE FREQUENCY OF VAGUELY DEFINED EVENTS: THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES

  1994cited by this paper
• Hardening of the Attitudes: Americans' Views on the Death Penalty

  1994cited by this paper
• Judgments of Behavioral Frequencies: Memory Search and Retrieval Strategies

  1994cited by this paper
• Judgment in a Social Context: Biases, Shortcomings, and the Logic of Conversation

  1994cited by this paper
• Zur Psychologie der standardisierten Befragung

  1994cited by this paper
• Handbook of Social Cognition

  1993cited by this paper
• The informative functions of research procedures: Bias and the logic of conversation.

  1993cited by this paper
• Attitudes as temporary constructions

  1992influential reference
• Asking questions and influencing answers.

  1992cited by this paper
• Context Effects and the Communicative Functions of Quantifiers: Implications for Their Use in Attitude Research

  1992cited by this paper
• Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research

  1992cited by this paper
• The Frequency and Determinants of Marital Disagreements in a Community Sample

  1992cited by this paper
• Scandals and the Public's Trust in Politicians: Assimilation and Contrast Effects

  1992influential reference
• Semantic and Pragmatic Aspects of Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research

  1991cited by this paper
• RATING SCALES NUMERIC VALUES MAY CHANGE THE MEANING OF SCALE LABELS

  1991cited by this paper
• Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Part-Whole Question Sequences: A Conversational Logic Analysis

  1991cited by this paper
• MEASURING HAPPINESS IN SURVEYS: A TEST OF THE SUBTRACTION HYPOTHESIS

  1991cited by this paper
• Response scales as frames of reference: The impact of frequency range on diagnostic judgements

  1991cited by this paper
• Context Effects in Attitude Surveys: Applying Cognitive Theory to Social Research

  1991cited by this paper
• Assessing frequency reports of mundane behaviors: Contributions of cognitive psychology to questionnaire construction.

  1990influential reference
• What mediates the impact of response alternatives on frequency reports of mundane behaviors

  1990cited by this paper
• Memory accuracy in the recall of emotions.

  1990cited by this paper
• Relation of Implicit Theories to the Construction of Personal Histories

  1989cited by this paper
• Judgments of relationship satisfaction: Inter- and intraindividual comparisons as a function of questionnaire structure

  1988cited by this paper
• The range of response alternatives may determine the meaning of the question: Further evidence on informative functions of response alternatives.

  1988cited by this paper
• Self-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior.

  1988cited by this paper
• Cognitive Processes Underlying Context Effects in Attitude Measurement

  1988influential reference
• Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction

  1988cited by this paper
• Social cognition and social reality: Information acquisition and use in the laboratory and the real world

  1987cited by this paper
• Cognitive Processes Used by Survey Respondents to Answer Behavioral Frequency Questions

  1987cited by this paper
• Answering Survey Questions: The Role of Memory

  1987cited by this paper
• Attitude Measurement: A Cognitive Perspective

  1987cited by this paper
• Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology: Building a Bridge Between Disciplines.

  1987cited by this paper
• Thinking, Judging, and Communicating: A Process Account of Context Effects in Attitude Surveys

  1987influential reference
• Answering autobiographical questions: the impact of memory and inference on surveys.

  1987cited by this paper
• Social Information Processing and Survey Methodology.

  1987cited by this paper
• Opinions on Fictitious Issues: The Pressure to Answer Survey Questions

  1986cited by this paper
• Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives

  1986cited by this paper
• Response Scales: Effects of Category Range on Reported Behavior and Comparative Judgments

  1985influential reference
• Surveying Subjective Phenomena.

  1985cited by this paper
• Happiness and reminiscing: The role of time perspective, affect, and mode of thinking.

  1985cited by this paper
• Questions and answers in attitude surveys

  1982cited by this paper
• Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications

  1980cited by this paper
• ASKING QUESTIONS

  1979cited by this paper
• Psychology and Language.

  1970cited by this paper
• The Art of Asking Questions

  1951cited by this paper
• Gauging Public Opinion.

  1944cited by this paper
• Gauging Public Opinion.

  1944cited by this paper

• The role of diagnosticity in judging robot competence

  2026cites this paper
• Group identification and political trust: A study on the influence and action mechanism of village leadership on farmers’ participation in public affairs

  2026cites this paper
• Toward cognition, affect, and conation: The design and use of neuroscience in information behavior studies. An Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) paper

  2026cites this paper
• Co-creation in health professions education: Triangulating perspectives and processes for deeper insights

  2026cites this paper
• Cervical disc disease in whippets: Results of an online survey involving Italian owners and breeders.

  2026cites this paper
• Addressing test-taking disengagement: The influence of embedded self-report items and grading on performance

  2026cites this paper
• Latent profiles of effort roles and their impact on task experience and behavior

  2026cites this paper
• The Role of Aspiration Gap and Affect in Shaping Life Satisfaction

  2026cites this paper
• Investigation of Epistemic Equity in Urban Green Space and Mental Health Research: A Systematic Review.

  2026cites this paper
• Musicians’ brains at rest: multilayer network analysis of magnetoencephalography data

  2025cites this paper
• The psychometric properties of childhood physical and sexual abuse measures in two Canadian samples of youth and emerging adults

  2025cites this paper
• Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Linguistically Compare Test Translations: A Methodological Introduction and Demonstration

  2025cites this paper
• Idiographic Lapse Prediction With State Space Modeling: Algorithm Development and Validation Study

  2025cites this paper
• Assessing design thinking proficiency in pre-service teachers: a comprehensive validation study

  2025cites this paper
• The questions we ask matter: insights from place-based research on nature’s contributions to people

  2025cites this paper
• Surfacing citizens’ policy perspectives at scale in the age of large language models

  2025cites this paper
• Brand Hate: One Decade of Research A Systematic Review

  2025cites this paper
• The Effectiveness of Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2025cites this paper
• An Embedding-Based Semantic Analysis Approach: A Preliminary Study on Redundancy Detection in Psychological Concepts Operationalized by Scales

  2025cites this paper
• Authors Should Label Their Own Documents

  2025cites this paper
• The reproduction of structural inequalities in online job search strategies and outcomes

  2025cites this paper
• Development and evaluation of a free e-learning program on dementia risk reduction for the general public: A pre-post study

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring cognitive functions variability at ambient temperatures from 20 °C to 48 °C: An fNIRS study

  2025cites this paper
• A Comparison Study Understanding the Impact of Mixed Reality Collaboration on Sense of Co-Presence

  2025cites this paper
• Detecting Introspective Errors in Consciousness Science

  2025cites this paper
• Toward accurate psychological simulations: Investigating LLMs' responses to personality and cultural variables

  2025cites this paper
• Lifestyle, Age, and Heart Disease Evidence from European Datasets

  2025cites this paper
• The association between bedtime smartphone use and anxiety symptoms: a network analysis of Chinese residents

  2025cites this paper
• Invasive species on British Columbia’s grasslands: estimating the benefits of control policies

  2025cites this paper
• A study on stereotypes about vocational education and its groups in China

  2025cites this paper
• How parentification relates to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and relationship obsessive-compulsive disorder (ROCD): the mediating role of obsessive beliefs

  2025cites this paper
• Who benefits motivationally? How the direction of performance feedback affects feedback perception and motivation to improve multiple document comprehension

  2025cites this paper
• Positive Risk-Taking and Creativity in Grade 6 Children: The Moderating Role of Psychological Safety

  2025cites this paper
• Long-term transitional impact and mental health consequences of COVID-19 pandemic in North America and Turkey: A cross-national comparison

  2025cites this paper
• Reframing the reflection: Can body positive videos boost body satisfaction?

  2025cites this paper
• Unlock the Reflective and Reflexive Practices in Learning: Testing the Possible Predictors in EFL Context

  2025cites this paper
• Understanding Young Adults’ Social Media Anxiety: Mediating Role of Upward Social Comparison and the Moderating Role of Psychological Resilience

  2025cites this paper
• Mind the Context! Questionnaire Design Can Affect the Attribution of Gender to Robots

  2025influential citation
• Happiness and life satisfaction: understanding the effects of question order on subjective wellbeing measures in India

  2025cites this paper
• Overreliance on student satisfaction surveys in medical education: a call for reform in evaluation and accreditation practices.

  2025cites this paper
• Customer satisfaction with digital banking in Cambodia

  2025cites this paper
• Scale dichotomization reduces customer racial discrimination and income inequality

  2025cites this paper
• Stepping Into the Night: The Preparedness of Newly Qualified Doctors for Out‐of‐Hours Work

  2025cites this paper
• Development and validation of a self- and hetero-assessment questionnaire for complaints about anomia: S.H.Q.A.

  2025cites this paper
• Vegetarian and sustainable food consumption behavior: Exploring the relation to explicit and implicit attitudes toward vegetarian foods and dispositional mindfulness.

  2025cites this paper
• Psychological, psychiatric, and behavioral sciences measurement scales: best practice guidelines for their development and validation

  2025cites this paper
• Is Subjective Wellbeing Too Subjective? The (large) Impact of Randomized Placement of Happiness and Worry Questions in a National Survey of Crisis-Affected Myanmar

  2025cites this paper
• Using abstract and non-specific items in questionnaires: A risk of producing artificial findings in personality research caused by common method bias?

  2025cites this paper
• Can a 1-Item Scale for Psychotherapy Outcomes Be Psychometrically Robust?

  2025cites this paper
• Analysing energy considerations in residential renovation planning and design: a case study comparison between Denmark and Sweden

  2025cites this paper
• In the eye of the beholder – validating the visual social anxiety scale (VSAS) in social anxiety disorder

  2025cites this paper
• Teachers’ attitudes towards equity, diversity, and inclusion in higher education: A scoping review

  2025cites this paper
• “Do You Need the Sage's Tea or the Friend's Cola” Exploring the Differential Healing Effects of Generative AI Conversational Styles

  2025cites this paper
• Embodied Measurement: Tangible Interactions to Enhance the Validity of Self-Report Measures

  2025cites this paper
• PrefPalette: Personalized Preference Modeling with Latent Attributes

  2025cites this paper
• Stereotypes faced by male nurses: the influence of perceived stereotypes on patient-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors

  2025cites this paper
• Household chaos and children’s health outcomes: The mediating effects of sleep quality and rumination

  2025cites this paper
• Serious Game Applications for Driver Training: An Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with Flow Theory

  2025cites this paper
• Long-COVID symptom burden and the experience of adversity: the importance of response-shift effects over 3 years of the pandemic

  2025cites this paper
• The Effects of Alcohol in Groups of Heavy-Drinking Young Adults: A Multimodal Investigation of Alcohol Responses in a Laboratory Social Setting

  2025cites this paper
• Invitation appeals and STEM academic scientists research participation: Findings from six survey experiments

  2025cites this paper
• Loneliness after service veteran loneliness and exclusion by veterans and nonveterans in Cyberball.

  2025cites this paper
• Drink and be merry? The impact of intoxication and affective social cues on social drinkers’ emotional responses

  2025cites this paper
• Incorporating subjectively-derived behavioral responses into traditional tests of criminal decision-making: a research note

  2025cites this paper
• The Nation or The Leader? Exploring the Effect of Framing in News Coverage of International Conflicts

  2025cites this paper
• Does perceived labor market competition increase prejudice between refugees and their local hosts?

  2025cites this paper
• Association(s) between five-factor model and dark triad traits and offending behaviour in adults: A systematic review

  2025cites this paper
• Measuring Self-Reported Well-Being

  2025cites this paper
• Discrepancy between self-reported and observed data and its influencing factors: An examination of five categories of household food-handling behaviors.

  2025cites this paper
• Emotional responses to potentially traumatic events: An interpretative qualitative analysis of high-risk professionals in relation to their social structures

  2025cites this paper
• Occupational physical demands in eldercare workers: a systematic scoping review of studies reporting quantitative data

  2025cites this paper
• SearchSense: Haptic Directional Guidance for Emergency Response

  2025cites this paper
• Seeking to improve criterion and construct validity of retrospective self-reports of physical activity with brief reporting periods and quantitative response scales

  2025cites this paper
• Exploration of Likert scale in terms of continuous variable with parametric statistical methods

  2025cites this paper
• Characterizing individual and methodological risk factors for survey non-completion using machine learning: findings from the U.S. Millennium Cohort Study

  2025cites this paper
• Neural and cardiac correlates of sensitivity to lost opportunities: The role of self-critical rumination and depressive symptoms.

  2025cites this paper
• Understanding public acceptance of data collection by intelligence services in the Netherlands: A factorial survey experiment

  2025cites this paper
• Bridging the Gap with PRoMo: What Users Expect from Robot Navigation in Shared Environments

  2025cites this paper
• Structure-Based Classification Approach

  2025cites this paper
• Objective risk and protective factors for momentary and daily loneliness:using digital phenotyping and temporal analysis

  2025cites this paper
• How do cultural lay beliefs affect trust decisions? The dynamics of lay beliefs and their effects on trust across cultures in e-commerce platforms

  2025cites this paper
• Developing a Framework for Online Review-Based Health Care Service Quality Assessment: Text-Mining Study

  2024cites this paper
• The metaverse experience: A scale development study

  2024cites this paper
• DaedalusData: Exploration, Knowledge Externalization and Labeling of Particles in Medical Manufacturing — A Design Study

  2024cites this paper
• Limited consensus on what climate anxiety is: Insights from content overlap analysis on 12 questionnaires.

  2024cites this paper
• An Investigation of the Current Insights of Vietnam National Athletes’ Sport Injury Anxiety

  2024cites this paper
• Trust is good, control is better: The role of trust and personal control in response to threat

  2024cites this paper
• Perils and opportunities in using large language models in psychological research

  2024cites this paper
• Development of the Values-Centered Assessment Tool (VCAT) to Inform Culturally Responsive Behavioral Services

  2024cites this paper
• Explaining the involvement and investment of women in business angel groups: The impact of organizational context and investment experience

  2024cites this paper
• Voices in a Crowd: Searching for clusters of unique perspectives

  2024cites this paper
• Memory Retention and Cultural Resonance: Exploring the Impact of Ephemeral Digital Narratives

  2024cites this paper
• Refining Psychosis Research: Insights on Cannabis Use and Data Accuracy.

  2024cites this paper
• Large language models display human-like social desirability biases in Big Five personality surveys

  2024cites this paper
• Does Anyone Care about the Opinion of People on Participating in a "Social" Metaverse? A Review and a Draft Proposal for a Surveying Tool

  2024cites this paper
• Integrating Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Sustainability Linkages with Employees’ Perceptions and Competence-Mediating Role of CSR Culture

  2024cites this paper
• Harassed for Their Job: Exploring Factors That Render Journalists Prone to Harassment and Intimidation

  2024cites this paper
• Self-reported strategy use and prospective memory: The roles of cue focality and task importance

  2024cites this paper
• The Intended and Unintended Consequences of Privacy Regulation for Consumer Marketing: A Marketing Science Institute Report

  2024cites this paper
• Challenges in modelling and measuring sustainability competencies crucial to successful sustainability transitions

  2024cites this paper