Insight into the Mechanism of Graphene Oxide Degradation via the Photo-Fenton Reaction

Graphene represents an attractive two-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterial that holds great promise for applications such as electronics, batteries, sensors, and composite materials. Recent work has demonstrated that carbon-based nanomaterials are degradable/biodegradable, but little work has been expended to identify products formed during the degradation process. As these products may have toxicological implications that could leach into the environment or the human body, insight into the mechanism and structural elucidation remain important as carbon-based nanomaterials become commercialized. We provide insight into a potential mechanism of graphene oxide degradation via the photo-Fenton reaction. We have determined that after 1 day of treatment intermediate oxidation products (with MW 150–1000 Da) were generated. Upon longer reaction times (i.e., days 2 and 3), these products were no longer present in high abundance, and the system was dominated by graphene quantum dots (GQDs). On the basis of FTIR, MS, and NMR data, potential structures for these oxidation products, which consist of oxidized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are proposed.

• Publication year

  2014

• Venue

  The journal of physical chemistry. C, Nanomaterials and interfaces

• Publication date

  2014-04-15

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Materials Science, Chemistry, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1021/JP503413SPMID 24860637PMCID 4025574
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Focusing on luminescent graphene quantum dots: current status and future perspectives.

  2013cited by this paper
• Peroxidase-mediated biodegradation of carbon nanotubes in vitro and in vivo.

  2013cited by this paper
• Assessing DNA Damage from Enzyme-Oxidized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

  2013cited by this paper
• A Facile Microwave Avenue to Electrochemiluminescent Two‐Color Graphene Quantum Dots

  2012cited by this paper
• A natural vanishing act: the enzyme-catalyzed degradation of carbon nanomaterials.

  2012cited by this paper
• Cutting sp2clusters in graphene sheets into colloidal graphene quantum dots with strong green fluorescence

  2012cited by this paper
• Graphene quantum dots with controllable surface oxidation, tunable fluorescence and up-conversion emission

  2012cited by this paper
• One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of graphene quantum dots surface-passivated by polyethylene glycol and their photoelectric conversion under near-infrared light

  2012cited by this paper
• Photo-Fenton reaction of graphene oxide: a new strategy to prepare graphene quantum dots for DNA cleavage.

  2012cited by this paper
• MaConDa: a publicly accessible mass spectrometry contaminants database

  2012cited by this paper
• Relative Stability of Peptide Sequence Ions Generated by Tandem Mass Spectrometry

  2012cited by this paper
• Strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications.

  2011cited by this paper
• Electrically compensated Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance cell for complex mixture mass analysis.

  2011cited by this paper
• A Novel 9.4 Tesla FTICR Mass Spectrometer with Improved Sensitivity, Mass Resolution, and Mass Range

  2011cited by this paper
• Facile preparation and upconversion luminescence of graphene quantum dots.

  2011cited by this paper
• Predator data station: A fast data acquisition system for advanced FT-ICR MS experiments

  2011cited by this paper
• Oxidative biodegradation of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

  2011cited by this paper
• Unusual infrared-absorption mechanism in thermally reduced graphene oxide.

  2010cited by this paper
• Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy.

  2010cited by this paper
• Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

  2010cited by this paper
• Hydrothermal Route for Cutting Graphene Sheets into Blue‐Luminescent Graphene Quantum Dots

  2010cited by this paper
• Carbon nanotubes degraded by neutrophil myeloperoxidase induce less pulmonary inflammation.

  2010cited by this paper
• Honeycomb carbon: a review of graphene.

  2010cited by this paper
• Graphene versus carbon nanotubes for chemical sensor and fuel cell applications.

  2010cited by this paper
• Positive chemical ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry and ab initio computational studies of the multi-pathway fragmentation of phthalates.

  2010cited by this paper
• The chemistry of graphene oxide.

  2010cited by this paper
• Degradation of phenol by heterogeneous Fenton reaction using multi-walled carbon nanotube supported Fe2O3 catalysts

  2009cited by this paper
• Graphene: Status and Prospects

  2009cited by this paper
• Phthalate Risks, Phthalate Regulation, and Public Health: A Review

  2009cited by this paper
• The Origin

  2009cited by this paper
• Chemical methods for the production of graphenes.

  2009cited by this paper
• Synthesis and Solid-State NMR Structural Characterization of 13C-Labeled Graphite Oxide

  2008cited by this paper
• Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene

  2008cited by this paper
• Biodegradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes through enzymatic catalysis.

  2008cited by this paper
• Identification of the carboxylic acid functionality by using electrospray ionization and ion-molecule reactions in a modified linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer.

  2008cited by this paper
• Efficient photo-assisted Fenton oxidation treatment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

  2007cited by this paper
• The rise of graphene.

  2007cited by this paper
• Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soils by Fenton's reagent: a multivariate evaluation of the importance of soil characteristics and PAH properties.

  2007cited by this paper
• Oxidative decomposition of atrazine by a Fenton-like reaction in a H2O2/ferrihydrite system.

  2007cited by this paper
• 2,4‐Dichlorophenol Degradation by an Integrated Process: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation and E‐Fenton Oxidation

  2007cited by this paper
• Degradation of phenol with fenton-like treatment by using heterogeneous catalyst (modified iron oxide) and hydrogen peroxide

  2006cited by this paper
• Aqueous pesticide degradation by hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet irradiation and Fenton-type advanced oxidation processes: a review

  2006cited by this paper
• Treatment of PAH-contaminated soil by combination of Fenton's reaction and biodegradation

  2006cited by this paper
• Graphene-based composite materials

  2006cited by this paper
• Effect of Modified Fenton’s Reaction on Microbial Activity and Removal of PAHs in Creosote Oil Contaminated Soil

  2006cited by this paper
• Stable aqueous dispersions of graphitic nanoplatelets via the reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide in the presence of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

  2006cited by this paper
• Effect of hydroxyl radical on the structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes

  2005cited by this paper
• Combined electron capture and infrared multiphoton dissociation for multistage MS/MS in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer.

  2003cited by this paper
• Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of the migration of phthalate plasticisers from polyvinyl chloride toys and childcare articles.

  2003cited by this paper
• Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry

  2000cited by this paper
• A new structural model for graphite oxide

  1998cited by this paper
• Application of micro-electrospray liquid chromatography techniques to FT-ICR MS to enable high-sensitivity biological analysis

  1998cited by this paper
• Structure of Graphite Oxide Revisited

  1998cited by this paper
• The Photo-Fenton Oxidation — A cheap and efficient wastewater treatment method

  1997cited by this paper
• The origin of the hydroxyl radical oxygen in the Fenton reaction.

  1997cited by this paper
• Solid-State NMR Studies of the Structure of Graphite Oxide

  1996cited by this paper
• Stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) ion excitation in trapped-ion mass spectometry: Theory and applications

  1996cited by this paper
• Micro-electrospray mass spectrometry: Ultra-high-sensitivity analysis of peptides and proteins

  1994cited by this paper
• Ab Initio Calculation of Vibrational Absorption and Circular Dichroism Spectra Using Density Functional Force Fields

  1994cited by this paper
• Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange

  1993cited by this paper
• Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density.

  1988cited by this paper
• Tailored excitation for Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry

  1985cited by this paper
• Space charge effects in Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Mass calibration.

  1984cited by this paper
• Space charge effects in Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry. I. Electrons

  1984cited by this paper
• Self‐consistent molecular orbital methods. XX. A basis set for correlated wave functions

  1980cited by this paper
• Accurate spin-dependent electron liquid correlation energies for local spin density calculations: a critical analysis

  1980cited by this paper
• Contracted Gaussian basis sets for molecular calculations. I. Second row atoms, Z=11–18

  1980cited by this paper
• Fenton's reagent revisited

  1975cited by this paper
• LXXIII.—Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron

  year unknowncited by this paper

• Evaluating the role of functionalized graphene systems in achieving wastewater treatment: A paradigm for sustainable development

  2026cites this paper
• Significantly enhanced Fenton-like degradation activity of graphene-modified CuFeO2 via elevating H2O2 utilization efficiency

  2025cites this paper
• Toward a New Understanding of Graphene Oxide Photolysis: The Role of Photoreduction in Degradation Pathway

  2025cites this paper
• N-doped graphene oxide nanomaterial: synthesis and application as controlled-release of urea for advancement in modern agriculture

  2025cites this paper
• Catch me if you can: biodegradation of nanomaterials and advanced materials.

  2025cites this paper
• Impact of bed morphology on microplastic transport at a confluence between a channel and a pipeline.

  2025cites this paper
• Hazard assessment of hexagonal boron nitride and hexagonal boron nitride reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composites using human skin and lung cells.

  2024cites this paper
• Enrichment of anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria from a graphite mine sample on graphene oxide

  2024cites this paper
• A Critical Review of Deep Oxidation of Gaseous Volatile Organic Compounds via Aqueous Advanced Oxidation Processes.

  2024cites this paper
• Environmentally sustainable implementations of two-dimensional nanomaterials

  2023cites this paper
• Universal Strategy for Reversing Aging and Defects in Graphene Oxide for Highly Conductive Graphene Aerogels

  2023cites this paper
• The Thermophysical and Physicochemical Properties of the Aqueous Dispersion of Graphene Oxide Dual-Beam Thermal Lens Spectrometry

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of sunlight on the fate of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanomaterials in the natural surface water.

  2023cites this paper
• Investigation on electrocatalytic performance and material degradation of an N-doped graphene-MOF nanocatalyst in emulated electrochemical environments

  2023cites this paper
• Degradable intracellular self-functionalized nanoprobes for in vitro diagnosis and monitoring of cancer

  2023cites this paper
• Aggregation of graphene oxide and its environmental implications in the aquatic environment

  2022cites this paper
• An Overview of Light-Mediated Impact of Graphene Oxide on Algae: Photo-Transform, Toxicity and Mechanism

  2022influential citation
• Porous reduced graphene oxide for ultrasensitive detection of nitrogen dioxide

  2022cites this paper
• Ultra‐Flexible Biodegradable Pressure Sensitive Field Effect Transistors for Hands‐Free Control of Robot Movements

  2022cites this paper
• Biodistribution, degradability and clearance of 2D materials for their biomedical applications.

  2022cites this paper
• Predicting the Mechanisms for H2O2 Activation and Phenol Oxidation Catalyzed by Modified Graphene-Based Systems Using Density Functional Theory.

  2022cites this paper
• UV-induced simultaneous removal of GO and U(VI): The role of aggregation, photo-transformation, adsorption and reduction

  2022cites this paper
• Advances in carbon nanomaterials for immunotherapy

  2022cites this paper
• Neutrophils Defensively Degrade Graphene Oxide in a Lateral Dimension Dependent Manner through Two Distinct Myeloperoxidase Mediated Mechanisms

  2021cites this paper
• Carbon nanomaterials for phototherapy of cancer and microbial infections

  2021cites this paper
• Encountering and Wrestling: Neutrophils Recognize and Defensively Degrade Graphene Oxide

  2021cites this paper
• Biodegradation of graphdiyne oxide in classically activated (M1) macrophages modulates cytokine production.

  2021cites this paper
• Radical-Driven Decomposition of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets: Light Exposure Matters.

  2021cites this paper
• Phototransformation of Graphene Oxide on the Removal of Sulfamethazine in a Water Environment

  2021cites this paper
• Potential approach, Novel Methods and Physiochemical Detection of Dyes through Nanoparticles

  2021cites this paper
• Composition and Structure of Fluorescent Graphene Quantum Dots Generated by Enzymatic Degradation of Graphene Oxide

  2021cites this paper
• A new approach on synergistic effect and chemical stability of graphene oxide-magnetic nanocomposite in the heterogeneous Fenton degradation of caffeine

  2021cites this paper
• Bulk Production of Any Ratio 12C:13C Turbostratic Flash Graphene and Its Unusual Spectroscopic Characteristics.

  2021cites this paper
• Effects of Functionalization in Different Conditions and Ball Milling on the Dispersion and Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of MWCNTs in Aqueous Solution

  2021cites this paper
• Efficacy, biocompatibility and degradability of carbon nanoparticles for photothermal therapy of lung cancer.

  2021cites this paper
• Fenton-like reaction driving the degradation and uptake of multi-walled carbon nanotubes mediated by bacterium.

  2021cites this paper
• Clearable Nanoparticles for Cancer Photothermal Therapy.

  2021cites this paper
• Bacteria mediated Fenton-like reaction drives the biotransformation of carbon nanomaterials.

  2020cites this paper
• Degradation-by-design: how chemical functionalization enhances the biodegradability and safety of 2D materials.

  2020cites this paper
• A Near-Isotropic Proton-Conducting Porous Graphene Oxide Membrane.

  2020cites this paper
• Biogenic fenton-like reaction involvement in aerobic degradation of C60 by Labrys sp. WJW.

  2020cites this paper
• Sublethal exposure of small few-layer graphene promotes metabolic alterations in human skin cells

  2020cites this paper
• Splenic Capture and In Vivo Intracellular Biodegradation of Biological-Grade Graphene Oxide Sheets

  2020cites this paper
• Nanocarbon-Based Catalytic Ozonation for Aqueous Oxidation: Engineering Defects for Active Sites and Tunable Reaction Pathways

  2020cites this paper
• High-loaded single Cu atoms decorated on N-doped graphene for boosting Fenton-like catalysis under neutral pH

  2020cites this paper
• Degradation of Structurally Defined Graphene Nanoribbons by Myeloperoxidase and Photo-Fenton Reaction.

  2020cites this paper
• A strategy for preparing non-fluorescent graphene oxide quantum dots as fluorescence quenchers in quantitative real-time PCR

  2020cites this paper
• Free chlorine induced phototransformation of graphene oxide in water: Reaction kinetics and product characterization

  2020cites this paper
• Facilitated transport membranes containing graphene oxide-based nanoplatelets for CO2 separation: Effect of 2D filler properties

  2020cites this paper
• Photoluminescent Response in Carbon Nanomaterials to Enzymatic Degradation.

  2020cites this paper
• Toxicology data of graphene-family nanomaterials: an update

  2020cites this paper
• Facile, gram-scale and eco-friendly synthesis of multi-color graphene quantum dots by thermal-driven advanced oxidation process

  2020cites this paper
• Environmental transformation of graphene oxide in the aquatic environment.

  2020cites this paper
• Influence of functional groups on the degradation of graphene oxide nanomaterials

  2019cites this paper
• Fungal transformation of graphene by white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

  2019cites this paper
• New Insights into the Aging Behavior of Microplastics Accelerated by Advanced Oxidation Processes.

  2019cites this paper
• A review of the concepts, recent advances and niche applications of the (photo) Fenton process, beyond water/wastewater treatment: Surface functionalization, biomass treatment, combatting cancer and other medical uses

  2019cites this paper
• Inducing dye-selectivity in graphene oxide for cationic dye separation applications

  2019cites this paper
• Photolysis of graphene oxide in the presence of nitrate: implications for graphene oxide integrity in water and wastewater treatment

  2019cites this paper
• Environmental fate and risk of ultraviolet- and visible-light-transformed graphene oxide: A comparative study.

  2019cites this paper
• Leaving Group Effects in a Series of Electrosprayed CcHhN1 Anthracene Derivatives

  2019cites this paper
• Why the Reactive Oxygen Species of the Fenton Reaction Switches from Oxoiron(IV) Species to Hydroxyl Radical in Phosphate Buffer Solutions? A Computational Rationale

  2019cites this paper
• Biotransformation of Pristine and Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

  2019cites this paper
• Graphene‐Based Materials for Implants

  2019cites this paper
• Photodynamic Therapy Based on Graphene and MXene in Cancer Theranostics

  2019cites this paper
• Photo-Fenton-inspired deoxygenation of tea polyphenol–graphene by household bleach

  2019cites this paper
• In-Situ Tracking Photodegradation of Trace Graphene Oxide by On-Line Coupling of Photoinduced Chemical Vapor Generation with Point Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometer.

  2019cites this paper
• Methods Development for Isolation of Carbon Nanomaterial Degradation Products Under Simulated Conditions Relevant for their Proposed Use in Desalination Membranes

  2019cites this paper
• Reactivity of graphene oxide with reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and superoxide anion).

  2019cites this paper
• Quantum Confinement and the Emission of Visible Light

  2019influential citation
• A novel environmental fate of graphene oxide: Biodegradation by a bacterium Labrys sp. WJW to support growth.

  2018cites this paper
• Effect of the oxidation degree on self-assembly, adsorption and barrier properties of nano-graphene

  2018cites this paper
• Detection and Quantification of Graphene Family Nanomaterials in 1 the Environment

  2018cites this paper
• A computational study of the Fenton reaction in different pH ranges.

  2018cites this paper
• Graphene oxide is degraded by neutrophils and the degradation products are non-genotoxic.

  2018cites this paper
• Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment.

  2018cites this paper
• Graphene analogues in aquatic environments and porous media: dispersion, aggregation, deposition and transformation

  2018cites this paper
• Detection and Quantification of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials in the Environment.

  2018cites this paper
• Understanding the structure-property relationships in hydrothermally reduced graphene oxide hydrogels

  2018cites this paper
• Insight into the high-efficient functionalization of carbon nanotubes by advanced oxidation using peroxomonosulfate

  2018cites this paper
• Insight into the Reaction Mechanism of Graphene Oxide with Oxidative Free Radical

  2017cites this paper
• Graphene composites with synthetic polymers

  2017cites this paper
• Hypochlorite degrades 2D graphene oxide sheets faster than 1D oxidised carbon nanotubes and nanohorns

  2017cites this paper
• Synthesis and Applications of One- and Two-Dimensional Polymer-Carbon Nanomaterial Composites

  2017cites this paper
• Graphene-family nanomaterials in wastewater treatment plants

  2017cites this paper
• Antibacterial property of graphene oxide: the role of phototransformation

  2017cites this paper
• Covalent chemical functionalization enhances the biodegradation of graphene oxide

  2017cites this paper
• Derivatization and interlaminar debonding of graphite-iron nanoparticle hybrid interfaces using Fenton chemistry.

  2017cites this paper
• Thin, High-Flux, Self-Standing, Graphene Oxide Membranes for Efficient Hydrogen Separation from Gas Mixtures.

  2017cites this paper
• Reviews of the toxicity behavior of five potential engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into the aquatic ecosystem

  2017cites this paper
• Chloro-benquinone Modified on Graphene Oxide as Metal-free Catalyst: Strong Promotion of Hydroxyl Radical and Generation of Ultra-Small Graphene Oxide

  2017cites this paper
• Chemical instability of graphene oxide following exposure to highly reactive radicals in advanced oxidation processes.

  2017cites this paper
• Determination of Ag+ ions by a graphene oxide based dual-output nanosensor with high selectivity

  2016cites this paper
• The contribution of indirect photolysis to the degradation of graphene oxide in sunlight

  2016cites this paper
• Biological interactions of carbon-based nanomaterials: From coronation to degradation.

  2016cites this paper
• Facile synthesis of diverse graphene nanomeshes based on simultaneous regulation of pore size and surface structure

  2016cites this paper
• Climate engineering by mimicking the natural dust climate control : 29 the Iron Salt Aerosols method

  2016cites this paper
• Facile hydrothermal method to prepare graphene quantum dots from graphene oxide with different photoluminescences

  2016cites this paper
• Climate engineering by mimicking natural dust climate control: the iron salt aerosol method

  2016cites this paper
• Separation and analysis of carbon nanomaterials in complex matrix

  2016cites this paper