Endocrinology of sleep

The simultaneous assessment of the electrophysiological and neuroendocrine activity during sleep by the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and by the collection of hormone profiles respectively showed a bidirectional interaction between the non-rapid eye movement (non-REM)–REM cycle and nocturnal hormone secretion. Certain hormones (neuropeptides and neuroactive steroids) participate in sleep regulation. A reciprocal interaction of the sleep-promoting peptide growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and the sleep-impairing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a key role in sleep regulation. Besides GHRH, galanin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y also promote sleep, at least in male subjects. In contrast, somatostatin is another sleep-impairing endogenous substance. The influence of peptides on sleep depends on age, sex, and time of administration. For example, GHRH impairs sleep in women, opposite to its effects in men. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide affects the duration of non-REM and REM periods. In addition to peptides, steroids are involved in sleep regulation. GABA A receptors are targets of various neuroactive steroids exerting specific effects on sleep EEG. Cortisol appears to promote REM sleep. Sleep EEG changes in postmenopausal women and the beneficial effect of estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy suggests a sleep-promoting effect of these hormones.

• Publication year

  2021

• Venue

  Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology

• Publication date

  Unknown publication date

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1016/B978-0-12-378610-4.00115-7
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Acute sleep deprivation leads to growth hormone (GH) resistance in rats.

  2020cited by this paper
• Association between Sleep Duration and Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction Based on Nationally Representative Data

  2019cited by this paper
• Depression and Sleep

  2019cited by this paper
• Sleep after intranasal progesterone vs. zolpidem and placebo in postmenopausal women - A randomized, double-blind cross over study.

  2018cited by this paper
• Altered sleep patterns in patients with non-functional GHRH receptor.

  2017cited by this paper
• Neuropeptide Y Regulates Sleep by Modulating Noradrenergic Signaling.

  2017cited by this paper
• Elevated ghrelin predicts food intake during experimental sleep restriction

  2015cited by this paper
• Sex Chromosomes Regulate Nighttime Sleep Propensity during Recovery from Sleep Loss in Mice

  2013cited by this paper
• Ghrelin suppresses nocturnal secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in patients with major depression.

  2013cited by this paper
• Decreased REM sleep and altered circadian sleep regulation in mice lacking vasoactive intestinal polypeptide.

  2011cited by this paper
• Effects of ghrelin on psychopathology, sleep and secretion of cortisol and growth hormone in patients with major depression.

  2011cited by this paper
• Ghrelin in mental health, sleep, memory.

  2011cited by this paper
• Changes in the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) during male to female transgender therapy.

  2011cited by this paper
• Ghrelin affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in humans by increasing free thyroxine and decreasing TSH in plasma.

  2010cited by this paper
• Growth hormone-releasing hormone activates sleep regulatory neurons of the rat preoptic hypothalamus.

  2010cited by this paper
• Sleep and Its Modulation by Substances That Affect GABAA Receptor Function

  2010cited by this paper
• Ghrelin increases slow wave sleep and stage 2 sleep and decreases stage 1 sleep and REM sleep in elderly men but does not affect sleep in elderly women.

  2010cited by this paper
• Sleep disturbances, daytime sleepiness, and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency.

  2010cited by this paper
• Localized Suppression of Cortical Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Receptors State-Specifically Attenuates Electroencephalographic Delta Waves

  2010cited by this paper
• Entrainment of nocturnal pituitary-adrenocortical activity to sleep processes in man--a hypothesis.

  2009cited by this paper
• The preproghrelin gene is required for the normal integration of thermoregulation and sleep in mice

  2009cited by this paper
• Nocturnal levels of ghrelin and leptin and sleep in chronic insomnia.

  2009cited by this paper
• Rhythmicity in Mice Selected for Extremes in Stress Reactivity: Behavioural, Endocrine and Sleep Changes Resembling Endophenotypes of Major Depression

  2009cited by this paper
• Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal activity during human sleep: a coordinating role for the limbic hippocampal system.

  2009cited by this paper
• Ghrelin suppresses secretion of FSH in males

  2009cited by this paper
• Conditional corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression in the mouse forebrain enhances rapid eye movement sleep

  2009cited by this paper
• Somatostatin analog treatment is associated with an increased sleep latency in patients with long-term biochemical remission of acromegaly.

  2008cited by this paper
• Central Ghrelin Affects Pituitary-Thyroid Axis: Histomorphological and Hormonal Study in Rats

  2008cited by this paper
• Progesterone reduces wakefulness in sleep EEG and has no effect on cognition in healthy postmenopausal women.

  2008cited by this paper
• Acute cortisol administration increases sleep depth and growth hormone release in patients with major depression.

  2008cited by this paper
• Growth hormone-releasing hormone: cerebral cortical sleep-related EEG actions and expression.

  2007cited by this paper
• Ghrelin enhances the nocturnal secretion of cortisol and growth hormone in young females without influencing sleep.

  2007cited by this paper
• Ghrelin suppresses secretion of luteinizing hormone in humans.

  2007cited by this paper
• Ghrelin administered in the early morning increases secretion of cortisol and growth hormone without affecting sleep.

  2007cited by this paper
• Systemic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) impairs sleep in healthy young women.

  2007cited by this paper
• Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide affects homeostatic sleep regulation in healthy young men.

  2007cited by this paper
• Ghrelin microinjection into forebrain sites induces wakefulness and feeding in rats.

  2007cited by this paper
• Neurochemical regulation of sleep.

  2007cited by this paper
• Comparative analysis of the effects of ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin on luteinizing hormone secretion in male rats.

  2006cited by this paper
• Diurnal sex differences in the sleep-wake cycle of mice are dependent on gonadal function.

  2006cited by this paper
• Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep in a Genetic Model of Depression in the Mouse: Effects of Muscarinic and 5-HT1A Receptor Activation

  2006cited by this paper
• Growth hormone-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone enhance non-rapid-eye-movement sleep after sleep deprivation.

  2006cited by this paper
• Ghrelin-induced sleep responses in ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats.

  2006cited by this paper
• Neuropeptide Y (NPY) shortens sleep latency but does not suppress ACTH and cortisol in depressed patients and normal controls.

  2006cited by this paper
• Alpha-Helical CRH Exerts CRH Agonistic Effects on Sleep-Endocrine Activity in Humans

  2005cited by this paper
• Night sleep EEG and daytime sleep propensity in adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after six months of growth hormone replacement.

  2005cited by this paper
• On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders.

  2005cited by this paper
• Melatonin as a hypnotic: con.

  2005cited by this paper
• Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease

  2005cited by this paper
• Minireview: Gender-specific sleep regulation

  2005cited by this paper
• Hexarelin decreases slow-wave sleep and stimulates the secretion of GH, ACTH, cortisol and prolactin during sleep in healthy volunteers.

  2004cited by this paper
• GHRH and sleep.

  2004cited by this paper
• The Somatostatin Analogue Octreotide Impairs Sleep and Decreases EEG Sigma Power in Young Male Subjects

  2004cited by this paper
• Treatment with the CRH1-receptor-antagonist R121919 improves sleep-EEG in patients with depression.

  2004cited by this paper
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin gene transcription in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of unstressed rats: daily rhythms and their interactions with corticosterone.

  2004cited by this paper
• Intravenous administration of the neuropeptide galanin has fast antidepressant efficacy and affects the sleep EEG.

  2004cited by this paper
• Hypocretin (orexin): role in normal behavior and neuropathology.

  2004cited by this paper
• A corticotropin-releasing hormone antisense oligodeoxynucleotide reduces spontaneous waking in the rat.

  2004cited by this paper
• Acute Cortisol Administration Promotes Sleep Intensity in Man

  2004cited by this paper
• Brief Communication: Sleep Curtailment in Healthy Young Men Is Associated with Decreased Leptin Levels, Elevated Ghrelin Levels, and Increased Hunger and Appetite

  2004cited by this paper
• Neuropeptide S: a neuropeptide promoting arousal and anxiolytic-like effects.

  2004cited by this paper
• Kindling stimuli delivered at different times in the sleep-wake cycle.

  2004cited by this paper
• Sleep disturbances are correlated with decreased morning awakening salivary cortisol.

  2004cited by this paper
• Impact of sleep deprivation and subsequent recovery sleep on cortisol in unmedicated depressed patients.

  2004cited by this paper
• Substance P promotes sleep in the ventrolateral preoptic area of rats.

  2004cited by this paper
• Behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological characterization of a genetic mouse model of depression

  2003cited by this paper
• Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties.

  2003cited by this paper
• Alterations in EEG activity and sleep after influenza viral infection in GHRH receptor-deficient mice.

  2003cited by this paper
• Effect of sleep and sleep deprivation on serotonergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus: a combined in vivo microdialysis/EEG study in rats

  2003cited by this paper
• Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans.

  2003cited by this paper
• Sleep in mice with nonfunctional growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors.

  2003cited by this paper
• On the role of menopause for sleep-endocrine alterations associated with major depression.

  2003cited by this paper
• GHRH and IL1β increase cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels in cultured hypothalamic GABAergic neurons

  2002cited by this paper
• Effects of the Neuropeptide Substance P on Sleep, Mood, and Neuroendocrine Measures in Healthy Young Men

  2002cited by this paper
• Nocturnal cortisol and melatonin secretion in primary insomnia.

  2002cited by this paper
• The effects of the neuroactive steroid 3α , 5α- THDOC on sleep in the rat

  2002cited by this paper
• Sleep, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and cytokines: multiple interactions and disturbances in sleep disorders.

  2002cited by this paper
• Middle-aged men show higher sensitivity of sleep to the arousing effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone than young men: clinical implications.

  2001cited by this paper
• The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness.

  2001cited by this paper
• Sleep-promoting activity of prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) in the rat

  2001cited by this paper
• Transition from dim to bright light in the morning induces an immediate elevation of cortisol levels.

  2001cited by this paper
• The Homeostatic Regulation of Sleep Need Is under Genetic Control

  2001cited by this paper
• Neuropeptide Y promotes sleep and inhibits ACTH and cortisol release in young men.

  2000cited by this paper
• REM sleep and mood state in childbearing women: sleepy or weepy?

  2000cited by this paper
• Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep-endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls - part II: hormone secretion.

  2000cited by this paper
• Modulation of the sleep electroencephalogram by estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women.

  2000cited by this paper
• Sexually dimorphic effects of GHRH on sleep-endocrine activity in patients with depression and normal controls - part I: the sleep eeg.

  2000cited by this paper
• Age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep and relationship with growth hormone and cortisol levels in healthy men.

  2000cited by this paper
• Glucocorticoid replacement is permissive for rapid eye movement sleep and sleep consolidation in patients with adrenal insufficiency.

  2000cited by this paper
• Sleep in the Wistar‐Kyoto rat, a putative genetic animal model for depression

  2000cited by this paper
• Cortistatin: a member of the somatostatin neuropeptide family with distinct physiological functions.

  2000cited by this paper
• High doses of systemic DHEA-sulfate do not affect sleep structure and elicit moderate changes in non-REM sleep EEG in rats.

  2000cited by this paper
• Hyporesponsiveness of the Pituitary to CRH during Slow Wave Sleep Is Not Mimicked by Systemic GHRH

  1999cited by this paper
• Timing the end of nocturnal sleep

  1999cited by this paper
• High Corticosterone Levels in Prenatally Stressed Rats Predict Persistent Paradoxical Sleep Alterations

  1999cited by this paper
• Galanin has REM-sleep deprivation-like effects on the sleep EEG in healthy young men.

  1999cited by this paper
• Diurnal variations and sleep deprivation-induced changes in rat hypothalamic GHRH and somatostatin contents.

  1999cited by this paper
• On the Gender Differences in Sleep-Endocrine Regulation in Young Normal Humans

  1999cited by this paper
• Beneficial treatment of age-related sleep disturbances with prolonged intranasal vasopressin.

  1999cited by this paper
• Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function.

  1999cited by this paper

• Chronotype and Sleep Quality in College Students Undergoing Clinical Placement: A Moderated Moderation Model of Sleep Reactivity and Resilience

  2025cites this paper