Commonly Encountered Skin Biome-Derived Pathogens after Orthopedic Surgery

Abstract Background: Normal skin microbiota influence susceptibility to surgical infections. The distribution of skin bacteria differs by anatomic site, and given the right conditions, almost any of these bacteria can become an opportunistic pathogen. Methods: This paper provides a thorough review of the most commonly encountered bacteria in various regions of the body and their isolation from operative incisions at those locations. These data may be useful in optimizing targeted antibiotic therapy for surgical site infections and provide a better understanding of the skin biome distribution at specific surgical sites. Conclusion: Typical skin-borne flora, surgical site infections, orthopedic infections by body part, and drug-resistant pathogens are reviewed.

• Publication year

  2019

• Venue

  Surgical Infections

• Publication date

  2019-05-30

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1089/sur.2018.161PMID 30839243
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Serratia marcescens.

  2020cited by this paper
• Precision Identification of Diverse Bloodstream Pathogens from the Gut Microbiome

  2018cited by this paper
• Ankle fractures

  2018cited by this paper
• Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing the Efficacy of Surgical Preparation Solutions in Hand Surgery

  2017cited by this paper
• What Factors are Associated With a Surgical Site Infection After Operative Treatment of an Elbow Fracture?

  2016cited by this paper
• Bone and Joint Infections in Older Adults.

  2016cited by this paper
• Propionibacterium in Shoulder Arthroplasty: What We Think We Know Today.

  2016influential reference
• Pre-Operative Antisepsis Protocol Compliance and the Effect on Bacterial Load Reduction

  2016cited by this paper
• Longitudinal Assessment of Colonization With Staphylococcus aureus in Healthy Collegiate Athletes.

  2016cited by this paper
• Use of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program in Orthopaedic Surgery

  2015cited by this paper
• Infection Prevention in Shoulder Surgery.

  2015cited by this paper
• Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin in biofilm: structural and regulatory aspects

  2015cited by this paper
• USA300 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 2000–2013

  2015cited by this paper
• Randomized trial of "bleach baths" plus routine hygienic measures vs. routine hygienic measures alone for prevention of recurrent infections.

  2014cited by this paper
• Surgical Site Infections Following Spine Surgery: Eliminating the Controversies in the Diagnosis

  2014influential reference
• Microbial contamination of surgical instruments used for laparotomy.

  2014cited by this paper
• Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

  2014cited by this paper
• Propionibacterium persists in the skin despite standard surgical preparation.

  2014cited by this paper
• Patient and Procedure-specific Risk Factors for Deep Infection After Primary Shoulder Arthroplasty

  2014influential reference
• Microbiology of skin and soft tissue infections in the age of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

  2013cited by this paper
• Complications of Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery

  2013influential reference
• Pre-admission cutaneous chlorhexidine preparation reduces surgical site infections in total hip arthroplasty.

  2013cited by this paper
• Epidemiology of adult acute hand infections at an urban medical center.

  2013cited by this paper
• Incidence, microbiology, and patient characteristics of skin and soft-tissue infections in a U.S. population: a retrospective population-based study

  2013cited by this paper
• Surgical Site Infections in Spine Surgery: Identification of Microbiologic and Surgical Characteristics in 239 Cases

  2013influential reference
• Surgical site infections linked to contaminated surgical instruments.

  2012cited by this paper
• Staphylococcus aureus colonization in children with community-associated Staphylococcus aureus skin infections and their household contacts.

  2012cited by this paper
• Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in lumbar spine surgery.

  2012cited by this paper
• The Pseudomonas aeruginosa opportunistic pathogen and human infections.

  2011cited by this paper
• The skin microbiome

  2011influential reference
• Total Elbow Arthroplasty

  2011influential reference
• Antibiotic resistance in orthopaedic surgery: acute knee prosthetic joint infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae

  2010cited by this paper
• The diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infections.

  2010cited by this paper
• One-year surveillance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and skin and soft tissue infections in collegiate athletes.

  2010cited by this paper
• Preoperative chlorhexidine preparation and the incidence of surgical site infections after hip arthroplasty.

  2010cited by this paper
• The microbiology of the infected knee arthroplasty

  2010cited by this paper
• Efficacy of Surgical Preparation Solutions in Shoulder Surgery

  2010cited by this paper
• Gentamicin-collagen sponge for infection prophylaxis in colorectal surgery.

  2010cited by this paper
• Importance of Colonization Site in the Current Epidemic of Staphylococcal Skin Abscesses

  2010cited by this paper
• Surgical site infections: Causative pathogens and associated outcomes.

  2010cited by this paper
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in HIV-infected outpatients is common and detection is enhanced by groin culture

  2010cited by this paper
• Skin and soft tissue infection: microbiology and epidemiology.

  2009cited by this paper
• Bacterial Community Variation in Human Body Habitats Across Space and Time

  2009cited by this paper
• Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in shoulder surgery.

  2009cited by this paper
• Presurgical Skin Preparation With a Novel 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Cloth Reduces Rates of Surgical Site Infection in Orthopaedic Surgical Patients

  2009cited by this paper
• Skin infection in children colonized with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

  2009cited by this paper
• Evaluation of routinely reported surgical site infections against microbiological culture results: a tool to identify patient groups where diagnosis and treatment may be improved

  2009cited by this paper
• Topographical and Temporal Diversity of the Human Skin Microbiome

  2009cited by this paper
• Trends in the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in children's hospitals in the United States.

  2009cited by this paper
• Infection Following Operative Treatment of Ankle Fractures

  2009influential reference
• Predominance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Pathogens Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in a Large Urban Jail: Risk Factors and Recurrence Rates

  2008cited by this paper
• Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults: A review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care.

  2008cited by this paper
• A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota.

  2008cited by this paper
• The influence of sex, handedness, and washing on the diversity of hand surface bacteria

  2008cited by this paper
• Early Appropriate Parenteral Antimicrobial Treatment of Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  2008cited by this paper
• Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis.

  2008cited by this paper
• Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004.

  2008cited by this paper
• Surgical-Site Infection Surveillance in General Surgery: A Critical Issue

  2008cited by this paper
• Acute necrotizing fasciitis in Egyptian patients: a case series.

  2008cited by this paper
• Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Presentation

  2008cited by this paper
• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection and Colonization Among Hospitalized Prisoners

  2007cited by this paper
• Increasing use of extracorporeal life support in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in children*

  2007cited by this paper
• Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics cannot distinguish community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus infection: a prospective investigation.

  2007cited by this paper
• Throat swabs are necessary to reliably detect carriers of Staphylococcus aureus.

  2007cited by this paper
• Biofilm development by clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis.

  2007cited by this paper
• Enterobacterial Common Antigen Integrity Is a Checkpoint for Flagellar Biogenesis in Serratia marcescens

  2007cited by this paper
• SmdAB, a Heterodimeric ABC-Type Multidrug Efflux Pump, in Serratia marcescens

  2007cited by this paper
• Contemporary causes of skin and soft tissue infections in North America, Latin America, and Europe: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004).

  2007cited by this paper
• Species-Specific Differences in the Susceptibilities of Biofilms Formed by Candida Bloodstream Isolates to Echinocandin Antifungals

  2007cited by this paper
• Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030.

  2007influential reference
• Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.

  2007cited by this paper
• Biofilm Production by Candida Species and Inadequate Antifungal Therapy as Predictors of Mortality for Patients with Candidemia

  2007cited by this paper
• Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Reconsideration of therapeutic options

  2006cited by this paper
• Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem.

  2006cited by this paper
• Healthy children with invasive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

  2006cited by this paper
• Necrotising fasciitis with Escherichia coli.

  2006cited by this paper
• Serratia marcescens Serralysin Induces Inflammatory Responses through Protease-Activated Receptor 2

  2006cited by this paper
• Nosocomial transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat.

  2006cited by this paper
• Evaluation of a Strategy of Screening Multiple Anatomical Sites for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Admission to a Teaching Hospital

  2006cited by this paper
• The microbiology of infected hip arthroplasty

  2006cited by this paper
• Candida bio¢lms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically signi¢cant problem

  2006cited by this paper
• Emergence of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 Clone as the Predominant Cause of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections

  2006cited by this paper
• Staphylococcus aureus Throat Colonization Is More Frequent than Colonization in the Anterior Nares

  2006cited by this paper
• Phenotypic Diversification and Adaptation of Serratia marcescens MG1 Biofilm-Derived Morphotypes

  2006cited by this paper
• Epidemic of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a 14-year study at Driscoll Children's Hospital.

  2005cited by this paper
• Isolation of Trichosporon in a hematology ward

  2005cited by this paper
• Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in foot and ankle surgery.

  2005cited by this paper
• Three-year surveillance of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children.

  2005cited by this paper
• Gram-negative bacillary cellulitis in patients with hepatic cirrhosis

  2005cited by this paper
• The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections.

  2005cited by this paper
• Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in three communities.

  2005cited by this paper
• Severe Staphylococcal Sepsis in Adolescents in the Era of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  2005cited by this paper
• A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players.

  2005cited by this paper
• High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency department skin and soft tissue infections.

  2005cited by this paper
• Surgical site infections.

  2005cited by this paper
• Methicillin-resistant–Staphylococcus aureus Hospitalizations, United States

  2005cited by this paper
• Trichosporon asahii infection of a dialysis PTFE arteriovenous graft.

  2004cited by this paper
• Natural history of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in soldiers.

  2004cited by this paper
• Impact of 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis for Identification of Bacteria on Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

  2004cited by this paper
• National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004.

  2004influential reference

• A Comparative Study of the Improved Negative-Pressure Drainage Tube and the Penrose Silicone Drainage Tube: Which Is More Beneficial for Wounds from Deep Infections Healing? A Rabbit Model Study

  2025cites this paper
• Spectrum of Pathogens in Surgical Site Infections after Sarcoma Resection in the Peri-Pelvic and Pelvic Region. Distinct Location, Distinct Infection?

  2024cites this paper
• Multiplexed bacterial pathogen detection and clinical characteristics of orthopedic infection in hospitalized patients

  2024cites this paper
• Association of coagulase-negative staphylococci with orthopedic infections detected by in-house multiplex real-time PCR

  2024cites this paper
• Antibacterial activities of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube with planar titanium silver (TiAg) to prevent orthopedic implant infection

  2024cites this paper
• Principles of mechanical and chemical debridement with implant retention

  2023cites this paper
• Synergistic Effects of Silver Carboxylate and Chlorhexidine Gluconate for Wound Care and Prevention of Surgical Site Infections by Cutibacterium acnes and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  2022influential citation
• Review of Pre-Operative Skin Preparation Options Based on Surgical Site in Orthopedic Surgery

  2021cites this paper
• In vitro visualization and quantitative characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth dynamics on polyether ether ketone

  2021cites this paper
• Comparative meta-omics for identifying pathogens associated with prosthetic joint infection

  2021cites this paper
• Silver Carboxylate-doped Titanium Dioxide-Polydimethylsiloxane Coating decreases Cutibacterium acnes Adherence and Biofilm Formation on Polyether Ether Ketone.

  2021cites this paper
• Inflammatory prognostic scoring systems are risk factors for surgical site infection following wide local excision of soft tissue sarcoma

  2021cites this paper
• Bioglass-based scaffolds coated with silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, processing and antimicrobial activity.

  2020cites this paper
• CORR Insights®: How Successful Is Antibiotic Treatment for Superficial Surgical Site Infections After Open Fracture? A Fluid Lavage of Open Wounds (FLOW) Cohort Secondary Analysis.

  2020cites this paper
• Current Clinical Methods for Detection of Peri-Prosthetic Joint Infection

  2020cites this paper