Postoperative delirium. Part 1: pathophysiology and risk factors

No abstract is available for this paper.

• Publication year

  2011

• Venue

  European Journal of Anaesthesiology

• Publication date

  2011-09-01

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328349b7f5PMID 21785356
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Cognitive reserve.

  2020cited by this paper
• Tumor necrosis factor-α triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline

  2010cited by this paper
• Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair.

  2010cited by this paper
• The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium

  2010cited by this paper
• Systemic infection and delirium: when cytokines and acetylcholine collide.

  2010cited by this paper
• The (Un)Importance of Cerebral Microemboli

  2010cited by this paper
• Contribution of sedative-hypnotic agents to delirium via modulation of the sleep pathway

  2010cited by this paper
• Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis.

  2010cited by this paper
• Brain autopsy findings in intensive care unit patients previously suffering from delirium: a pilot study.

  2010cited by this paper
• Duration of fluid fasting and choice of analgesic are modifiable factors for early postoperative delirium

  2010cited by this paper
• Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness

  2010cited by this paper
• Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) triggers a cytokine cascade yielding postoperative cognitive decline

  2010cited by this paper
• Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

  2010cited by this paper
• Incidence and predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery: Results from The IPDACS Study.

  2010cited by this paper
• Aging, brain disease, and reserve: implications for delirium.

  2010cited by this paper
• Predictive Model for Postoperative Delirium in Cardiac Surgical Patients

  2010cited by this paper
• The association between delirium and the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele: new study results and a meta-analysis.

  2009cited by this paper
• Motor subtypes of delirium: Past, present and future

  2009cited by this paper
• Derivation and Validation of a Preoperative Prediction Rule for Delirium After Cardiac Surgery

  2009cited by this paper
• Rivastigmine for the prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery—A randomized controlled trial*

  2009cited by this paper
• Fascia iliaca block prophylaxis for hip fracture patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study

  2009cited by this paper
• The Role of Genetics in Delirium in the Elderly Patient

  2009cited by this paper
• UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Markers of cerebral damage during delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture

  2009cited by this paper
• Postoperative Delirium in the Elderly: Risk Factors and Outcomes

  2009cited by this paper
• Intraoperative cerebral high-intensity transient signals and postoperative cognitive function: a systematic review.

  2009cited by this paper
• Cerebral perfusion in sepsis-associated delirium

  2008cited by this paper
• Brain lesions in septic shock: a magnetic resonance imaging study

  2008cited by this paper
• Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of the Cognitive Effect, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Extended‐Release Oxybutynin in Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents with Urge Urinary Incontinence

  2008cited by this paper
• Anticholinergic Activity of 107 Medications Commonly Used by Older Adults

  2008cited by this paper
• Aging, microglial cell priming, and the discordant central inflammatory response to signals from the peripheral immune system

  2008cited by this paper
• A new data-based motor subtype schema for delirium.

  2008cited by this paper
• Cholinergic deficiency hypothesis in delirium: a synthesis of current evidence.

  2008cited by this paper
• Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU)

  2008cited by this paper
• Participation in Activity and Risk for Incident Delirium

  2008cited by this paper
• Inflammation and interleukin-1 signaling network contribute to depressive symptoms but not cognitive decline in old age.

  2007cited by this paper
• Cytokines and acute phase response in delirium.

  2007cited by this paper
• Cytokines and C-reactive protein production in hip-fracture-operated elderly patients.

  2007cited by this paper
• Postoperative Impairment of Cognitive Function in Rats: A Possible Role for Cytokine-mediated Inflammation in the Hippocampus

  2007cited by this paper
• Cerebral Fat Microembolism and Cognitive Decline After Hip and Knee Replacement

  2007cited by this paper
• Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration

  2007cited by this paper
• Brain lesions in septic shock: a magnetic resonance imaging study

  2007cited by this paper
• Does educational attainment contribute to risk for delirium? A potential role for cognitive reserve.

  2006cited by this paper
• Sepsis and the BBB: brain injury, biomarkers, and the bedside.

  2006cited by this paper
• Risk Factors and Prediction of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Hip‐Surgery Patients: Implementation and Validation of a Medical Risk Factor Model

  2006cited by this paper
• The Role of Postoperative Analgesia in Delirium and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Patients: A Systematic Review

  2006cited by this paper
• Predicting post‐operative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture

  2006cited by this paper
• Lorazepam Is an Independent Risk Factor for Transitioning to Delirium in Intensive Care Unit Patients

  2006cited by this paper
• Pilot clinical trial of gabapentin to decrease postoperative delirium in older patients

  2006cited by this paper
• Review Article Serum Biomarkers for Delirium

  2006cited by this paper
• Evidence-based clinical update: General anesthesia and the risk of delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction

  2006cited by this paper
• Delirium in older persons.

  2006cited by this paper
• Serum biomarkers for delirium.

  2006cited by this paper
• Postoperative Delirium: The Importance of Pain and Pain Management

  2006cited by this paper
• Preoperative Risk Assessment for Delirium After Noncardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review

  2006cited by this paper
• Management of Delirium Tremens

  2005cited by this paper
• Predicting post-operative delirium in elective orthopaedic patients: the Delirium Elderly At-Risk (DEAR) instrument.

  2005cited by this paper
• The serotonin syndrome.

  2005cited by this paper
• Brain and sepsis: functional impairment, structural damage, and markers.

  2005cited by this paper
• Delirium in the Postoperative Cardiac Patient: A Review

  2005cited by this paper
• Magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities with septic encephalopathy

  2004cited by this paper
• Postoperative cognitive deficits: more questions than answers.

  2004cited by this paper
• Predictors of delirium after cardiac surgery delirium: effect of beating-heart (off-pump) surgery.

  2004cited by this paper
• The delirium subtypes: A review of prevalence, phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment response

  2004cited by this paper
• Randomized comparison between sevoflurane anaesthesia and unilateral spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery

  2003cited by this paper
• Relationship between pain and opioid analgesics on the development of delirium following hip fracture.

  2003cited by this paper
• [Postoperative delirium after general anesthesia vs. spinal anesthesia in geriatric patients].

  2003cited by this paper
• Subjective experience of a confusional state

  2002cited by this paper
• Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease.

  2002cited by this paper
• Use of medications with anticholinergic effect predicts clinical severity of delirium symptoms in older medical inpatients.

  2001cited by this paper
• Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans.

  2001cited by this paper
• Intraoperative Cerebral Arterial Embolization during Total Hip Arthroplasty

  2000cited by this paper
• Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine.

  2000cited by this paper
• Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine.

  2000cited by this paper
• Anticholinergic side-effects of drugs in elderly people

  2000cited by this paper
• Neurobehavioral outcome prediction after cardiac surgery: role of neurobiochemical markers of damage to neuronal and glial brain tissue.

  2000cited by this paper
• Drug-Induced Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly

  1999cited by this paper
• Incidence and risk factors for delirium and other adverse outcomes in older adults after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

  1999cited by this paper
• The association of intraoperative factors with the development of postoperative delirium.

  1998cited by this paper
• Norepinephrine-dopamine interactions in the prefrontal cortex and the ventral tegmental area: relevance to mental diseases.

  1998cited by this paper
• Distinct central anticholinergic syndrome following general anaesthesia.

  1997cited by this paper
• Management of delirium tremens.

  1997cited by this paper
• Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability.

  1996cited by this paper
• Precipitating Factors for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Persons: Predictive Model and Interrelationship With Baseline Vulnerability

  1996cited by this paper
• Macroemboli and microemboli during cardiopulmonary bypass.

  1995cited by this paper
• A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery.

  1994cited by this paper
• Neurochemical correlates of sympathetic activation during severe alcohol withdrawal.

  1994cited by this paper
• Lifelong exercise and stroke.

  1993cited by this paper
• A Predictive Model for Delirium in Hospitalized Elderly Medical Patients Based on Admission Characteristics

  1993cited by this paper
• Central cholinergic functioning and aging

  1991cited by this paper
• Acute Confusional States in Elderly Patients Treated for Femoral Neck Fracture

  1988cited by this paper
• Postoperative Confusion after Anesthesia in Elderly Patients with Femoral Neck Fractures

  1987cited by this paper
• [Comparative study of general and spinal anesthesia in elderly women in hip surgery].

  1986cited by this paper
• Etude comparative de l'anesthésie générale et de la rachianesthésie chez la femme âgée dans la chirurgie de la hanche

  1986cited by this paper
• Mental function and morbidity after acute hip surgery during spinal and general anaesthesia

  1985cited by this paper

• Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the effective treatment of postoperative delirium: the state of play

  2025cites this paper
• Penehyclidine combined with antiemetics for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials and trial sequential analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Postoperative delirium in orthopedic patients – identifying contributing factors and therapeutic strategies: A review

  2025cites this paper
• Effect of inhalation of peppermint essential oil aromatherapy on postoperative delirium in old patients following major lower limb joint arthroplasty surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

  2025cites this paper
• Association between intraoperative hypotension during brain tumor resection and postoperative delirium: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

  2025cites this paper
• Effect of S-Ketamine on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

  2025cites this paper
• Incidence and risk factors of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing elective lung cancer surgery : a retrospective study using the national inpatient sample database

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of different doses of glucocorticoids on postoperative neurocognitive function and mood disorders: A systematic Review and network meta-analysis.

  2025cites this paper
• Effectiveness of non-pharmacological intervention protocol for prevention of postoperative delirium in the surgical intensive care unit

  2025cites this paper
• Multimodal Prehabilitation for Colorectal Cancer Patients: Study Protocol of a Nationwide Multicentre Study With Uniform Prehabilitation Protocols

  2025cites this paper
• The role of dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, beta endorphin, and agmatine in the pathophysiology of delirium in children.

  2025cites this paper
• Temporal Trends and Severity of Postoperative Delirium in Cardiac Surgery: Insights from a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

  2025cites this paper
• Association between EuroSCORE II and postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery patients: a prospective cross-sectional study

  2025cites this paper
• Incidence and Perioperative Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium After Major Urological Surgery

  2025cites this paper
• "Cardiac Surgery Outcomes: The Efficacy of Dexmedetomidine in Reducing Postoperative Delirium - A Bibliometric Study".

  2025cites this paper
• Association Between Neuromuscular Blockade and Its Reversal With Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients: A Hospital Registry Study.

  2025cites this paper
• Dexmedetomidine nasal spray to treat high-activity postoperative delirium: a case report

  2025cites this paper
• Intraoperative methylene blue infusion reduces postoperative delirium in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

  2025cites this paper
• Preliminary Insights into the Association Between Room Transfer and Delirium Symptoms After Orthopedic Surgery: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

  2025cites this paper
• Pericapsular nerve group block and lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block versus fascia iliaca block for multimodal analgesia after total hip replacement surgery: A retrospective analysis

  2024cites this paper
• COVID-19 vaccination may prevent postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery: The PNDRFAP and PNDABLE studies

  2024cites this paper
• The Role of Delirium on Short- and Long-Term Postoperative Outcomes Following Major Gastrointestinal Surgery for Cancer

  2024cites this paper
• The Association Between Delirium Upon Admission to a Rehabilitation Hospital and Motor Rehabilitation Outcomes Among Hip Fracture Surgery Patients: A Historical Cohort Study

  2024cites this paper
• Delirium due to any cause is associated with higher resource utilization in patients undergoing liver transplantation: analysis of the National Inpatient Sample

  2024cites this paper
• Cerebral Overperfusion Despite Reduced Cortical Metabolism Is Associated with Postoperative Delirium in Cardiac Surgery Patients: A Prospective Observational Study

  2024influential citation
• Remimazolam: its clinical pharmacology and evolving role in anesthesia and sedation practice

  2024cites this paper
• Study on the predictive model of delirium risk after surgery for elderly hip fractures based on meta-analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Delirium after Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty: Retrospective Analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Association of Intravenous Neostigmine and Anticholinergics or Sugammadex with Postoperative Delirium: A Retrospective Cohort Study

  2024cites this paper
• Butyrylcholinesterase activity in patients with postoperative delirium after cardiothoracic surgery or percutaneous valve replacement- an observational interdisciplinary cohort study

  2024cites this paper
• Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing lower limb major arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial.

  2023cites this paper
• Incidence, Subtypes, Risk factors, and Outcome of Delirium: A Prospective Observational Study from Indian Intensive Care Unit

  2023cites this paper
• Gene networks for use in metabolomic data analysis of blood plasma from patients with postoperative delirium

  2023cites this paper
• The Effect of Low-Dose Esketamine on Postoperative Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  2023cites this paper
• Postoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery

  2023cites this paper
• Preoperative Risk Factors Associated with Increased Incidence of Postoperative Delirium: Systematic Review of Qualified Clinical Studies

  2023cites this paper
• Effects of perioperative intravenous glucocorticoids on perioperative neurocognitive disorders in adults after surgery: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

  2023cites this paper
• Exploring the Pathophysiology of Delirium: An Overview of Biomarker Studies, Animal Models, and Tissue-Engineered Models

  2023cites this paper
• Care of the critically ill patient

  2023cites this paper
• Molecular-genetic pathways of hepatitis C virus regulation of the expression of cellular factors PREB and PLA2G4C, which play an important role in virus replication

  2023cites this paper
• The Effect of Environmental Modifications on Preventing Delirium for the Elderly Patients in the Intensive Care Unit: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial

  2023cites this paper
• Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in adults admitted to the intensive care unit or post‐operative care unit: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta‐analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

  2023cites this paper
• Preoperative frailty vs. cognitive impairment: Which one matters most for postoperative delirium among older adults with cancer?

  2023cites this paper
• How do predisposing factors differ between delirium motor subtypes? A systematic review and meta-analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Intraoperative low tidal volume ventilation and the risk of ICD-10 coded delirium and the use for antipsychotic medications

  2022cites this paper
• Influence of obstructive sleep apnea on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing joint replacement.

  2022cites this paper
• Melatonin and Its Analogs for Prevention of Post-cardiac Surgery Delirium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Effects of anesthetics on expression of dopamine and acetylcholine receptors in the rat brain in vivo

  2022cites this paper
• The hotspots and publication trends in postoperative delirium: A bibliometric analysis from 2000 to 2020

  2022cites this paper
• The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio predicts postoperative delirium in patients older than 60 years following total knee arthroplasty

  2022cites this paper
• The association between Monocyte‐to‐Lymphocyte ratio and postoperative delirium in ICU patients in cardiac surgery

  2022cites this paper
• Postoperative Delirium and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Elective Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Narrative Review of the Literature

  2022cites this paper
• Advances in the prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium by acupuncture: A review

  2022influential citation
• The Effect of Anesthesia Depth Monitoring on Postoperative Delirium and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Non-cardiac Surgery Patients---- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2021cites this paper
• Intraoperative Oxygen Concentration and Postoperative Delirium After Laparoscopic Gastric and Colorectal Malignancies Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

  2021cites this paper
• Related Factors and Treatment of Postoperative Delirium in Old Adult Patients: An Integrative Review

  2021cites this paper
• Effect of Regional vs General Anesthesia on Incidence of Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgery: The RAGA Randomized Trial.

  2021cites this paper
• Postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery of elderly patients as an independent risk factor for prolonged length of stay in intensive care unit and in hospital

  2021cites this paper
• Multi-Component Care Bundle in Geriatric Fracture Hip for Reducing Post-Operative Delirium

  2021cites this paper
• A clinical risk analysis of early post-operative delirium after laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery in elderly patients: a retrospective study

  2021cites this paper
• Penehyclidine for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

  2021influential citation
• 5-HT3 receptor antagonists decrease the prevalence of postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing orthopedic lower limb surgery

  2021cites this paper
• A commentary on "Risk factors for postoperative delirium: An umbrella review of systematic reviews" (Int J Surg 2021 Aug; 93: 106063).

  2021cites this paper
• Acupuncture for postoperative delirium (POD)

  2021cites this paper
• Haloperidol and Quetiapine for the Treatment of ICU-Associated Delirium in a Tertiary Pediatric ICU: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study

  2021cites this paper
• Postoperative Delirium

  2021cites this paper
• Challenges of Delirium Management in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice

  2021cites this paper
• Intraoperative Oxygen Concentration and Postoperative Delirium After Laparoscopic Gastric and Colorectal Malignancies Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

  2021cites this paper
• AChE-activity in critically ill patients with suspected septic encephalopathy: a prospective, single-centre study

  2020cites this paper
• Effects of predictive nursing on delirium after spinal surgery

  2020cites this paper
• Current Evidence Regarding Biomarkers Used to Aid Postoperative Delirium Diagnosis in the Field of Cardiac Surgery—Review

  2020cites this paper
• Delirium Superimposed on Dementia in Perioperative Period and Intensive Care

  2020influential citation
• Effects of dexamethasone on postoperative cognitive dysfunction and delirium in adults following general anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

  2020cites this paper
• Cognitive impairment assessment and interventions to optimize surgical patient outcomes.

  2020cites this paper
• Risk and Consequences of Postoperative Delirium in Cardiac Surgery

  2020cites this paper
• Postoperative Delirium after Spine Surgery: A Single-Center Age-Matched Study

  2020cites this paper
• Incidence and predictors of delirium on the intensive care unit after acute myocardial infarction, insight from a retrospective registry

  2020cites this paper
• Effects of Dexamethasone on Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction and Delirium in Adults Following General Anaesthesia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

  2020cites this paper
• Association between Dexamethasone and Delirium in Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study of a Large Clinical Database.

  2020cites this paper
• Is the bispectral index monitoring protective against postoperative cognitive decline? A systematic review with meta-analysis

  2020influential citation
• Care of the critically ill patient

  2020cites this paper
• The effects of multimedia education on postoperative delirium in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft: A randomized clinical trial.

  2020cites this paper
• Preoperative transcranial Doppler and cerebral oximetry as predictors of delirium following valvular heart surgery: a case–control study

  2019cites this paper
• Prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients planned for elective surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis

  2019cites this paper
• Influence of early elective tracheostomy on the incidence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing head and neck surgery

  2019cites this paper
• Prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients planned for elective surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis Aging

  2019cites this paper
• Change in Serum Level of Interleukin 6 and Delirium After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft.

  2019cites this paper
• Das Delir bei geriatrischen Patienten in der Urologie

  2019cites this paper
• Effects of dexamethasone on post-operative cognitive dysfunction and delirium in adults following general anaesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

  2019cites this paper
• Dexmedetomidine for the management of delirium in critically ill patients—A protocol for a systematic review

  2019influential citation
• Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction

  2019cites this paper
• Does sugammadex decrease the severity of agitation and complications in pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy?

  2019cites this paper
• Abnormal composition of gut microbiota contributes to delirium‐like behaviors after abdominal surgery in mice

  2019cites this paper
• Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in critically ill patients – A protocol for a systematic review

  2019cites this paper
• Lower risk of postoperative delirium using laparoscopic approach for major abdominal surgery

  2019cites this paper
• Predicting postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive decline with combined intraoperative electroencephalogram monitoring and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiac interventions

  2019cites this paper
• Emergence Delirium: Causation, Correlation and Improvements Needed

  2019cites this paper
• POSTOPERATIVE DELIRIUM IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: FROM THEORY TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

  2018cites this paper
• Delirium in the Oldest of Old

  2018cites this paper
• Title: Low peripheral levels of insulin growth factor-1 are associated with high incidence of delirium among elderly patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

  2018cites this paper