Metallothioneins, Unconventional Proteins from Unconventional Animals: A Long Journey from Nematodes to Mammals †

Metallothioneins (MTs) are ubiquitous low molecular weight cysteine-rich proteins characterized by high affinity for d10 electron configuration metals, including essential (Zn and Cu) and non-essential (Cd and Hg) trace elements. The biological role of these ancient and well-conserved multifunctional proteins has been debated since MTs were first discovered in 1957. Their main hypothesized functions are: (1) homeostasis of Zn and Cu; (2) detoxification of Cd, and Hg; and (3) free radical scavenging. This review will focus on MTs in unconventional animals, those not traditionally studied in veterinary medicine but of increasing interest in this field of research. Living in different environments, these animals represent an incredible source of physiological and biochemical adaptations still partly unexplored. The study of metal-MT interactions is of great interest for clinicians and researchers working in veterinary medicine, food quality and endangered species conservation.

• Publication year

  2014

• Venue

  Biomolecules

• Publication date

  2014-04-22

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3390/biom4020435PMID 24970224PMCID 4101491
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

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  2012cited by this paper
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  2012cited by this paper
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  2011cited by this paper
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  2011cited by this paper
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  2011cited by this paper
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  2011cited by this paper
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  2011cited by this paper
• Raman spectroscopy a promising technique for investigations of metallothioneins.

  2010cited by this paper
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  2010cited by this paper
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  2010cited by this paper
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  2010cited by this paper
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  2009cited by this paper
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  2009cited by this paper
• Two metallothionein genes from mud loach Misgurnus mizolepis (Teleostei; Cypriniformes): gene structure, genomic organization, and mRNA expression analysis.

  2009cited by this paper
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  2009cited by this paper
• Metals-Metallothionein Interactions in Biological Systems

  2008cited by this paper
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  2008cited by this paper
• Physico-chemical properties

  2008cited by this paper
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  2008cited by this paper
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  2007cited by this paper
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  2007cited by this paper
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  2007cited by this paper
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  2006influential reference
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  2006cited by this paper
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  2006cited by this paper
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  2006cited by this paper
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  2005cited by this paper
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  2005cited by this paper
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  2004cited by this paper
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  2003cited by this paper
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  2003cited by this paper
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  2003cited by this paper
• Metals in squid, Loligo forbesi, adults, eggs and hatchlings. No evidence for a role for Cu- or Zn-metallothionein.

  2003cited by this paper
• DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM AND ZINC AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO METALLOTHIONEIN LEVELS IN SWINE KIDNEY

  2002cited by this paper
• Cloning of a metallothionein gene and characterization of two other cDNA sequences in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgMT1).

  2001cited by this paper
• Cloning and characterization of a gene coding for a novel metallothionein in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgMT2): a case of adaptive response to metal-induced stress?

  2001cited by this paper
• Metal Ion Trafficking in Earthworms

  2001cited by this paper
• Differential fluorescence labeling of cysteinyl clusters uncovers high tissue levels of thionein

  2001cited by this paper
• Metallothioneins in marine mammals.

  2000cited by this paper
• Metallothionein Isoforms in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Complementary DNA Characterization and Quantification of Expression in Different Organs after Exposure to Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper

  2000cited by this paper
• Levels of cellular glutathione and metallothionein affect the toxicity of oxidative stressors in an established carp cell line.

  2000cited by this paper
• Isolation and characterization of a self-sufficient one-domain protein. (Cd)-metallothionein from Eisenia foetida.

  2000cited by this paper
• Metallothioneins (MTs) in marine molluscs.

  2000cited by this paper
• Seasonal dependence of cadmium accumulation and Cd-binding proteins in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to cadmium.

  1999cited by this paper
• Cloning and characterization of metallothionein cDNAs in the mussel Mytilus edulis L. digestive gland.

  1999cited by this paper
• Presence of GH-dependent IGF-II mRNA in the diffuse pancreatic tissue of a teleost

  1999cited by this paper
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  1998cited by this paper
• The elusive function of metallothioneins.

  1998cited by this paper
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  1998cited by this paper
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  1997cited by this paper
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  1997cited by this paper
• Adenylate Energy Charge and Metallothionein as Stress Indices in Mytilus Galloprovincialis Exposed to Cadmium and Anoxia

  1997cited by this paper
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  1996cited by this paper
• Enhanced Sensitivity to Oxidative Stress in Cultured Embryonic Cells from Transgenic Mice Deficient in Metallothionein I and II Genes (*)

  1995cited by this paper
• CADMIUM ACCUMULATION AND CD-BINDING PROTEINS IN THE BIVALVE SCAPHARCA INAEQUIVALVIS

  1995cited by this paper
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  1994cited by this paper
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  1993cited by this paper
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  1993cited by this paper
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  1992cited by this paper
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  1991cited by this paper
• Structure and time-dependent behavior of acetylated and non-acetylated forms of a molluscan metallothionein.

  1991cited by this paper
• Differential regulation of metallothionein genes in rainbow trout fibroblasts, RTG-2.

  1990cited by this paper
• Characterization of metallothionein cDNAs induced by cadmium in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

  1990cited by this paper
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  1989cited by this paper
• Rainbow trout metallothionein gene structure and regulation.

  1989cited by this paper
• Amino acid sequence and comparative antigenicity of chicken metallothionein.

  1988cited by this paper
• Chemistry and biochemistry of metallothionein.

  1987cited by this paper
• Quantification and characterization of metallothioneins in tissues of lower vertebrates and invertebrates.

  1987cited by this paper
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  1987cited by this paper
• The Rainbow Trout Metallothioneins: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Two Distinct cDNA Sequences

  1987cited by this paper
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  1987cited by this paper
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  1986cited by this paper
• The Mussel Watch concept

  1986cited by this paper
• Dynamic metal-thiolate cluster structure of metallothioneins.

  1986cited by this paper
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  1986cited by this paper
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  1985cited by this paper
• Subcellular distribution and binding of heavy metals in the untreated liver of the squid; comparison with data from the livers of cadmium and silver-exposed rats

  1983cited by this paper
• Structure of an invertebrate metallothionein from Scylla serrata.

  1982cited by this paper
• Dimeric and tetrameric hemoglobins from the mollusc Scapharca inaequivalvis. Structural and functional properties.

  1981cited by this paper
• Cadmium-binding proteins induced in the earthworm

  1980cited by this paper
• Characterisation of cadmium-binding proteins from mussels, Mytilus edulis (L), exposed to cadmium.

  1979cited by this paper
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  1979cited by this paper
• Physiological and chemical characterization of invertebrate metallothionein-like proteins.

  1979cited by this paper
• Purification and properties of plaice metallothionein, a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa).

  1979cited by this paper

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  2024cites this paper
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  2024influential citation
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  2023cites this paper
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  2023cites this paper
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  2023cites this paper
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  2023cites this paper
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  2023cites this paper
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  2022cites this paper
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  2021cites this paper
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  2020cites this paper
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  2020cites this paper
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• Life at the extremes

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• Life in extreme environments and the responses to change: the example of polar environments

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• Metazoan adaptation to deep-sea hydrothermal vents

  2020cites this paper
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  2020cites this paper
• Metallothioneins contribution to the response of bivalve mollusk to xenobiotics

  2020cites this paper
• Metallothioneins in Earthworms: The Journey So Far

  2020cites this paper
• Plate Section (PDF Only)

  2020cites this paper
• Index

  2020cites this paper
• Introduction

  2020cites this paper
• Biotoxins

  2020cites this paper
• The Southern Ocean: an extreme environment or just home of unique ecosystems?

  2020cites this paper
• Identification of a metallothionein gene in honey bee Apis mellifera and its expression profile in response to Cd, Cu and Pb exposure

  2019cites this paper
• Seasonal assessment of some heavy metal pollution and Metallothionein gene expression in cultured Oreochromis niloticus

  2019cites this paper
• Biological Effects of Uranium and Its Decay Products on Soil Microbes, Plants, and Humans

  2019cites this paper
• Promoter activity of earthworm metallothionein in mouse embryonic fibroblasts

  2019cites this paper
• Cadmium-dependent expression of a new metallothionein identified in Trichomonas vaginalis

  2019cites this paper
• Mercury, Hg

  2019cites this paper
• UDC 577.352.38:577.64 THE CONTENT OF METALS IN METALLOTHIONEINS OF THE BIVALVE MOLLUSK UNIO TUMIDUS DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT IN SITU AND IN VITRO EXPOSURES

  2019cites this paper
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  2019cites this paper
• Health status of the lizard Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) subject to different anthropogenic pressures.

  2019cites this paper
• Isolation and Characterization of Copper- and Zinc- Binding Metallothioneins from the Marine Alga Ulva compressa (Chlorophyta)

  2019cites this paper
• Pollution Tolerance in Aquatic Animals: From Fundamental Biological Mechanisms to Ecological Consequences

  2019cites this paper
• Cysteine, glutathione and a new genetic code: biochemical adaptations of the primordial cells that spread into open water and survived biospheric oxygenation

  2019cites this paper
• Development of multi-metal interaction model for Daphnia magna: Significance of metallothionein in cellular redistribution.

  2018cites this paper
• Metals from cell to environment: Connecting Metallomics with other omics

  2018cites this paper
• First Transcriptome Analysis of Iranian Scorpion, Mesobuthus Eupeus Venom Gland

  2018cites this paper
• New insights in Tibial muscular dystrophy revealed by protein-protein interaction networks

  2018cites this paper
• Metallothionein and Intracellular Sequestration of Metals

  2018cites this paper