Diabetic Macular Edema

Diabetic macular edema (DME), one the most prevalent causes of visual loss in industrialized countries, may be diagnosed at any stage of diabetic retinopathy. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of DME have become straightforward with recent developments in fundus imaging, such as optical coherence tomography. Laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injections, and pars plana vitrectomy surgery are the current treatment modalities; however, the positive effects of currently available intravitreally injected agents are temporary. At this point, further treatment choices are needed for a permanent effect. Sources of data selection: The articles published between 1985-2015 years on major databases were searched and most appropriate 40 papers were used to write this review article.

• Publication year

  1969

• Venue

  Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences

• Publication date

  1969-12-31

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.12669/pjms.322.8496PMID 27182271PMCID 4859054
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• INTRAVITREAL CONBERCEPT (KH902) FOR SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

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• EFFECTS OF PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION ON CHOROIDAL THICKNESS AND CHOROIDAL BLOOD FLOW IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

  2016cited by this paper
• Comparison of Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, and Ranibizumab for Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: Extrapolation of Data to Clinical Practice.

  2016cited by this paper
• IMPACT ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AFTER 20-MG DECANTED TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE (KENALOG) INJECTION WHEN USING PROPHYLACTIC ANTIGLAUCOMA THERAPY

  2015cited by this paper
• Long-term effectiveness of vitrectomy in diabetic cystoid macular edema

  2015cited by this paper
• Recent Developments in Laser Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy

  2015cited by this paper
• Natural history of Valsalva-induced subhyaloid hemorrhage.

  2015cited by this paper
• Application of microRNAs in diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease

  2015cited by this paper
• The effect of combined treatment of bevacizumab and triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema refractory to previous intravitreal mono-injections

  2015cited by this paper
• COMPARISON OF INTRAVITREAL TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE VERSUS INTRAVITREAL BEVACIZUMAB AS THE PRIMARY TREATMENT OF CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT MACULAR EDEMA

  2015cited by this paper
• Short-Term Outcomes of Aflibercept Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients With Incomplete Response to Ranibizumab and/or Bevacizumab.

  2015cited by this paper
• Intravitreal Aflibercept for Diabetic Macular Edema

  2015cited by this paper
• A pathway and network review on beta-adrenoceptor signaling and beta blockers in cardiac remodeling

  2014cited by this paper
• Diabetic macular edema: new concepts in patho-physiology and treatment

  2014cited by this paper
• Sustained-Release Corticosteroid Options

  2014cited by this paper
• Three-year outcomes of individualized ranibizumab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema: the RESTORE extension study.

  2014cited by this paper
• Comparative MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Cynomolgus Monkeys, Rat, and Human Reveal that miR-182 Is Involved in T2D Pathogenic Processes

  2014cited by this paper
• Intravitreal aflibercept for diabetic macular edema.

  2014cited by this paper
• Role of microRNAs in the modulation of diabetic retinopathy.

  2014cited by this paper
• Neuronal cell death in the inner retina and the influence of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in a diabetic rat model.

  2014cited by this paper
• Surgical Treatment for Macular Edema

  2014cited by this paper
• A randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab versus intravitreal dexamethasone for diabetic macular edema: the BEVORDEX study.

  2014cited by this paper
• Laser Treatment for Diabetic Macular Edema in the 21st Century

  2014cited by this paper
• Intravitreal bevacizumab treatment for refractory diabetic macular edema

  2013cited by this paper
• Medical management for the prevention and treatment of diabetic macular edema.

  2013cited by this paper
• Comparison of Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide with Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Meta-analysis

  2013cited by this paper
• Intravitreal Versus Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

  2012cited by this paper
• Age-Related Impairment in Insulin Release

  2012cited by this paper
• Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE.

  2012cited by this paper
• Age-Related Impairment in Insulin Release The Essential Role of b 2-Adrenergic Receptor

  2012cited by this paper
• Intravitreal bevacizumab for persistent macular edema with proliferative diabetic retinopathy

  2010cited by this paper
• Effect of Prior Intensive Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes on 10-Year Progression of Retinopathy in the DCCT/EDIC: Comparison of Adults and Adolescents

  2010cited by this paper
• Intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of refractory diabetic macular edema.

  2010cited by this paper
• [Surgical treatment of chronic macular oedema with a combination therapy].

  2010cited by this paper
• Intravitreal injection of pegaptanib sodium for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

  2009cited by this paper
• Association of vitreous inflammatory factors with diabetic macular edema.

  2009cited by this paper
• Three-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone for diabetic macular edema.

  2009cited by this paper
• Is multifocal ERG a reliable index of macular function after triamcinolone acetonide injection in diffuse diabetic macular edema?

  2009cited by this paper
• Diabetic retinopathy: a growing concern in an aging population.

  2009cited by this paper
• Maintenance of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling can reduce Fas signaling in human retinal endothelial cells.

  2009cited by this paper
• Diabetic macular edema: pathogenesis and treatment.

  2009cited by this paper
• The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XXII the twenty-five-year progression of retinopathy in persons with type 1 diabetes.

  2008cited by this paper
• Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide Inhibits Breakdown of the Blood-Retinal Barrier Through Differential Regulation of VEGF-A and Its Receptors in Early Diabetic Rat Retinas

  2008cited by this paper
• MicroRNAs regulate ocular neovascularization.

  2008cited by this paper
• Inducible nitric oxide synthase isoform is a key mediator of leukostasis and blood-retinal barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy.

  2007cited by this paper
• Ischemic Neoangiogenesis Enhanced by &bgr;2-Adrenergic Receptor Overexpression: A Novel Role for the Endothelial Adrenergic System

  2005cited by this paper
• Evolution of retinal laser therapy: minimum intensity photocoagulation (MIP). Can the laser heal the retina without harming it?

  2004cited by this paper
• Supplemental oxygen improves diabetic macular edema: a pilot study.

  2004cited by this paper
• Diabetic macular edema: classification, medical and laser therapy

  2003cited by this paper
• [Diabetic retinopathy].

  2001cited by this paper
• During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium.

  1996cited by this paper
• Complications of retinal laser therapy and their prevention.

  1991cited by this paper
• Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group.

  1987cited by this paper
• Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group.

  1985cited by this paper

• Management of coexisting cataract and diabetic macular edema: a comparative study of dexamethasone implant versus anti-VEGF agents injections.

  2026cites this paper
• Practice patterns of South African optometrists for diabetic eye care.

  2026cites this paper
• RURANET++: An Unsupervised Learning Method for Diabetic Macular Edema Based on SCSE Attention Mechanisms and Dynamic Multi-Projection Head Clustering

  2025cites this paper
• Burden of diabetic macular oedema and its associated factors among adult patients with diabetes attending comprehensive specialised hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia, 2023: a multicentre cross-sectional study

  2025cites this paper
• Baseline factors affecting diabetic macular oedema resolution after intravitreal dexamethasone implant treatment: post hoc analysis of the MEAD study

  2025cites this paper
• Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rat Shows Early Stage of Diabetic Retinopathy Characterized by Capillary Changes and Inflammation

  2025cites this paper
• MAYOCTransformer: Masked-Attention for Yielding Comprehensive Semantic Segmentation of Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Images using Transformer-based Neural Networks

  2025cites this paper
• Future horizons in diabetic macular edema management: nanocarriers as a promising alternative to conventional anti-VEGF therapy

  2025cites this paper
• Multifocal electroretinogram evaluation of different optical coherence tomography patterns of diabetic macular edema

  2025cites this paper
• A look to the future: cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin-based drug delivery to the retina

  2025cites this paper
• Intravitreal Bevacizumab Alone Vs Combined With Topical Timolol-Dorzolamide or Dorzolamide for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2025influential citation
• Diabetic Macular Edema in the Western Part of Romania: Screening to Improve Patient Outcomes

  2025cites this paper
• Anatomic biomarkers as potential endpoints in diabetic macular edema: Systematic literature review with identification of macular volume as a key surrogate for visual acuity.

  2025cites this paper
• One-year results of visual response following intravitreal novel anti-VEGF injection for diabetic macular edema in a Latino population

  2025cites this paper
• Three-dimensional transformer-enhanced multi-scale global co-attention network for precise diabetic macular edema segmentation in OCT volumes

  2025cites this paper
• Effects of Prostaglandin Analogue on the Central Retinal Thickness in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  2025cites this paper
• Deep Learning-Based Classification of Retinal Pathologies

  2025cites this paper
• Core-shell nanotherapeutics for diabetic cataract and retinopathy: current state-of-the-art and translational challenges

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• Evaluating Fundus-Specific Foundation Models for Diabetic Macular Edema Detection

  2025cites this paper
• Aqueous−humor biomarkers and real−world efficacy of conbercept for diabetic macular edema: a prospective study in elderly patients

  2025cites this paper
• An unusual incidence of outer retinal dehiscence in a case of diabetic macular edema

  2025cites this paper
• Changes in Serum Level of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor before and after Intravitreal Injection of AntiVEGF for Diabetic Macular Edema

  2025influential citation
• Changes of retinal ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer thickness and visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema treated with Aflibercept

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• Vision Loss as a Rising Global Health Challenge: Comprehensive Analysis of High Fasting Plasma Glucose Burden and Projections to 2035

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• Current Trends in Clinical Trials of Prodrugs

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• From Monotherapy to Combination Strategies: Redefining Treatment Approaches for Multiple-Cause Macular Edema

  2025cites this paper
• Serum Apolipoprotein B and B/A1 Ratio as Early Negative Biomarkers for OCT- and OCTA-Detected Retinal Changes in Diabetic Macular Edema

  2025cites this paper
• An attention-based loss function and synthetic minority oversampling technique for alleviating class imbalance in predicting diabetes

  2025cites this paper
• The role of HIF-1α in neovascular ophthalmologic diseases – literature review

  2025cites this paper
• Efficacy of Faricimab in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema and Faricimab-Related Changes in OCT and OCT Angiography

  2025cites this paper
• Ocular findings in children, adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus in ghana: a cross-sectional study

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• Effect of intravitreal VEGF inhibitors on renal-related adverse events in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis

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• Therapeutic strategies targeting ocular vasculopathies: Current advances and emerging challenges.

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• Short-Term outcomes in patients with center-involving diabetic macular edema after a single dose of Intravitreal Bevacizumab.

  2025cites this paper
• The immunoregulatory role of integrins in pulmonary diseases

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• Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify Genetic Variants Associated With Diabetic Maculopathy

  2025cites this paper
• Exploring Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Advances, and Genetic Influences

  2025cites this paper
• Efficacy and clinical outcomes of suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide in diabetic macular edema patients: a single-arm systematic review and meta-analysis

  2025cites this paper
• The Association of Systemic Endothelial Dysfunction With Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema

  2024cites this paper
• The impact of DME treatment on diabetic patients

  2024cites this paper
• Comparison between Two Doses of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide among Cases of Resistant Diabetic Macular Edema

  2024cites this paper
• Blood Vessel Segmentation Using FCM–STSA Method for Retinal Fundus Images

  2024cites this paper
• Management of treatment-naïve diabetic macular edema patients: Review of real-world clinical data

  2024cites this paper
• Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema: A Comprehensive Review of Current Treatments and Emerging Therapeutic Options

  2024cites this paper
• Rate and Predictors of Misclassification of Active Diabetic Macular Edema as Detected by an Automated Retinal Image Analysis System

  2024cites this paper
• One-Year Functional and Morphological Prognosis After Intravitreal Injection Treatments According to Different Morphological Patterns of Diabetic Macular Edema in Real-Life: MARMASIA Study Group Report No.13

  2024cites this paper
• Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy with and without Macular Edema in Recently Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

  2024cites this paper
• A two-stage CNN model for the classification and severity analysis of retinal and choroidal diseases in OCT images

  2024cites this paper
• YAP/TAZ Signaling Enhances Angiogenesis of Retinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells in a High-Glucose Environment

  2024cites this paper
• Outcomes of Anti-VEGF Therapy in Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema, Vein Occlusion-Related Macular Edema, and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review

  2024cites this paper
• Cost-effective treatment for diabetic macular edema using dexamethasone sodium phosphate

  2024cites this paper
• Study of Imaging Biomarkers as a Prognostic Factor and Guide in the Management of Diabetic Macular Oedema

  2024cites this paper
• ANTERIOR SUBTENON TRIAMCINOLONE INJECTION FOR REFRACTORY MACULAR EDEMA

  2024cites this paper
• Role of Suprachoroidal versus Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone: In diabetic macular edema.

  2024cites this paper
• Diabetic macular edema (DME): dissecting pathogenesis, prognostication, diagnostic modalities along with current and futuristic therapeutic insights

  2024cites this paper
• Innovations in Diabetic Macular Edema Management: A Comprehensive Review of Automated Quantification and Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Intervention

  2024cites this paper
• Gene therapy for retinal diseases: From genetics to treatment

  2024cites this paper
• Efficacy of ranibizumab and aflibercept on reducing maximum diameter of largest cyst in diabetic cystoid macular edema: MARMASIA study group

  2024cites this paper
• Exploration on OCT biomarker candidate related to macular edema caused by diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion in SD-OCT images

  2024cites this paper
• THE ANALYSIS STUDY OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND BLINDNESS DUE TO MACULAR DISEASES: A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

  2024cites this paper
• Artificial Intelligence Applications in Diabetic Retinopathy: What We Have Now and What to Expect in the Future

  2024influential citation
• Systemic Cellular Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema

  2024cites this paper
• Retinal vascular morphological characteristics in diabetic retinopathy: an artificial intelligence study using a transfer learning system to analyze ultra-wide field images.

  2024cites this paper
• Intraretinal Hyper-Reflective Foci Are Almost Universally Present and Co-Localize With Intraretinal Fluid in Diabetic Macular Edema

  2024cites this paper
• Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Maintains Retinal Homeostasis after Ischemia/Reperfusion

  2024cites this paper
• Efficacy of anti-VEGF monotherapy versus anti-VEGF therapy with subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) in the management of diabetic macular oedema (DMO): a systematic review and meta-analysis

  2024cites this paper
• Deep learning for retina structural biomarker classification using OCT images

  2024cites this paper
• Retrospective Study of Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema in Southern Part of Bangladesh

  2024cites this paper
• Multimodality semisupervised learning for ophthalmic biomarkers detection

  2024cites this paper
• Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with and without Diabetic Retinopathy

  2024cites this paper
• An Inclusive Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Securing Power Systems and Recognition of Cyber Attacks

  2023cites this paper
• Tear Film MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers: A Review

  2023cites this paper
• Microperimetric analysis of diabetic macular edema after navigated direct photocoagulation with short-pulse laser for microaneurysms

  2023cites this paper
• Determination of Factors Influencing the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Adherence to Intravitreal Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Among Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

  2023cites this paper
• Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Macular Edema Treated with Intravitreal Aflibercept: A 48-Week Observational Study (the DOCTA Study)

  2023cites this paper
• An intelligent approach for detection and grading of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema using retinal images

  2023cites this paper
• Diabetic Retinopathy: Soluble and Imaging Ocular Biomarkers

  2023cites this paper
• OCT and OCT Angiography Update: Clinical Application to Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Central Serous Chorioretinopathy, Macular Telangiectasia, and Diabetic Retinopathy

  2023cites this paper
• Efficacy of 190 mcg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant: microperimetry and OCT real-life data.

  2023cites this paper
• Morphological and functional changes in the macular area in diabetic macular edema after a single intravitreal injection of aflibercept.

  2023cites this paper
• Intravitreal injection of methotrexate in persistent diabetic macular edema: a 6-month study

  2023cites this paper
• Evaluation of care with intravitreal aflibercept treatment for UK patients with diabetic macular oedema: DRAKO study 24-month real-world outcomes

  2023cites this paper
• Influence of Intravitreal Therapy on Choroidal Thickness in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema

  2023cites this paper
• Exploration of ML Paradigms in Devising an IPS

  2023cites this paper
• Artificial intelligence and hemodynamic studies in optical coherence tomography angiography for diabetic retinopathy evaluation: A review

  2023cites this paper
• Fractal evaluation in retinographies of patients with diabetic retinopathy with and without risk of macular edema

  2023cites this paper
• Machine learning regression algorithms to predict short-term efficacy after anti-VEGF treatment in diabetic macular edema based on real-world data

  2023cites this paper
• A quantitative evaluation of the effect of meals on macular thickness in diabetic patients with diabetic macular edema

  2023cites this paper
• Diabetic Macular Edema Detection based on Non-mydriatic Retinal Image

  2023cites this paper
• Efficacy of subthreshold micropulse laser photocoagulation therapy versus anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for refractory macular edema secondary to non-ischemic branch retinal vein occlusion

  2023cites this paper
• From diagnosis to prognosis: A paradigm shift for multimodal imaging in assessing diabetic macular edema

  2023cites this paper
• Thermo-responsive Diels-Alder stabilized hydrogels for ocular drug delivery of a corticosteroid and an anti-VEGF fab fragment.

  2023cites this paper
• Classification of Fluid Filled Abnormalities In Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Chicken Swarm Optimized Deep Learning Classifier

  2023influential citation
• Evaluation of the Relationship Between Diabetic Macular Edema and Renal Function in a Latino Population

  2023cites this paper
• The correlation between peripheral complete blood count parameters and diabetic macular edema in proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients: a cross-sectional study

  2023cites this paper
• OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY AFTER RANIBIZUMAB TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA

  2023influential citation
• Changes in the uninjected contralateral eye after intravitreal brolucizumab for exudative age-related macular degeneration

  2023cites this paper
• Deep Learning Classification of Drusen, Choroidal Neovascularization, and Diabetic Macular Edema in Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Images

  2023influential citation
• Exploring the role of retinal fluid as a biomarker for the management of diabetic macular oedema

  2023cites this paper
• Quantitative Parameters Relevant for Diabetic Macular Edema Evaluation by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography

  2023cites this paper