Amlodipine in hypertension: a first-line agent with efficacy for improving blood pressure and patient outcomes

Objectives Hypertension is well established as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although there is undeniable evidence to support the beneficial effects of antihypertensive therapy on morbidity and mortality, adequate blood pressure management still remains suboptimal. Research into the treatment of hypertension has produced a multitude of drug classes with different efficacy profiles. These agents include β-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers. One of the oldest groups of antihypertensives, the calcium channel blockers are a heterogeneous group of medications. Methods This review paper will focus on amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, which has been widely used for 2 decades. Results Amlodipine has good efficacy and safety, in addition to strong evidence from large randomised controlled trials for cardiovascular event reduction. Conclusions Amlodipine should be considered a first-line antihypertensive agent.

• Publication year

  2016

• Venue

  Open Heart

• Publication date

  2016-09-01

• Fields of study

  Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000473PMID 27752334PMCID 5051471
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2).

  2013cited by this paper
• Hydrochlorothiazide: is it a wise choice?

  2012cited by this paper
• Effect of Telmisartan and Ramipril on Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence and Severity in Hypertensive Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Recurrent Symptomatic Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

  2012cited by this paper
• The Effect of Losartan and Amlodipine on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Atherosclerosis in Japanese Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension (J-ELAN) study

  2011cited by this paper
• Telmisartan and Amlodipine Single‐Pill Combinations vs Amlodipine Monotherapy for Superior Blood Pressure Lowering and Improved Tolerability in Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension: Results of the TEAMSTA‐5 Study

  2011cited by this paper
• Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

  2010cited by this paper
• A Randomized Clinical Trial

  2009cited by this paper
• The combination of olmesartan medoxomil and amlodipine besylate in controlling high blood pressure: COACH, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week factorial efficacy and safety study.

  2008cited by this paper
• Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients.

  2008cited by this paper
• Chronotherapy with nifedipine GITS in hypertensive patients: improved efficacy and safety with bedtime dosing.

  2008cited by this paper
• An 18-week, prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of amlodipine/ramipril combination versus amlodipine monotherapy in the treatment of hypertension: the assessment of combination therapy of amlodipine/ramipril (ATAR) study.

  2008cited by this paper
• Efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil/hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine in patients with poorly controlled mild-to-moderate essential hypertension

  2007cited by this paper
• Calcium channel antagonists: clinical uses--past, present and future.

  2007cited by this paper
• Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic : the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial ( ALLHAT )

  2006cited by this paper
• Effects of valsartan compared to amlodipine on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk hypertensive patients: the VALUE trial

  2006cited by this paper
• Effect of losartan and amlodipine on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension (J-ELAN): rationale and design.

  2006cited by this paper
• Calcium Channel Blockades Exhibit Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Effects by Augmentation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and the Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in the NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester-Induced Hypertensive Rat Aorta: Vasoprotective Effects beyond the Blood Press

  2005cited by this paper
• Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled tri

  2005cited by this paper
• Guidelines for antihypertensive treatment: an update after the ALLHAT study.

  2004cited by this paper
• Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial.

  2004cited by this paper
• Amlodipine increases nitric oxide production in exhaled air during exercise in patients with essential hypertension.

  2004cited by this paper
• Effect of Antihypertensive Agents on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Disease and Normal Blood Pressure The CAMELOT Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  2004cited by this paper
• Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial.

  2004cited by this paper
• The ALLHAT study: results and clinical implications.

  2003cited by this paper
• Open Heart

  2003cited by this paper
• Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT).

  2002cited by this paper
• Mechanisms of plaque stabilization for the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine: review of the evidence.

  2002cited by this paper
• Reducing readmissions for congestive heart failure.

  2001influential reference
• Decreased nitric oxide levels and increased calcium content in platelets of hypertensive patients.

  2001cited by this paper
• Mechanisms of atherosclerotic plaque stabilization for a lipophilic calcium antagonist amlodipine.

  2001cited by this paper
• Effect of Amlodipine on the Progression of Atherosclerosis and the Occurrence of Clinical Events

  2000cited by this paper
• Clinical trials update: OPTIME‐CHF, PRAISE‐2, ALL‐HAT

  2000cited by this paper
• Amlodipine releases nitric oxide from canine coronary microvessels: An unexpected mechanism of action of a calcium channel-blocking agent.

  1999cited by this paper
• Interactions among ACE, kinins and NO.

  1999cited by this paper
• Effect of amlodipine on mode of death among patients with advanced heart failure in the PRAISE trial. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation.

  1998cited by this paper
• Amlodipine releases nitric oxide from canine coronary microvessels: an unexpected mechanism of action of a calcium channel-blocking agent.

  1998cited by this paper
• Outcome Results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in Patients With Hypertension and NIDDM

  1998cited by this paper
• Effects of amlodipine on gene expression and extracellular matrix formation in human vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts: implications for vascular protection.

  1997cited by this paper
• Ca2+ channel blockers modulate metabolism of collagens within the extracellular matrix.

  1996cited by this paper
• Forearm blood flow responses to a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in patients with treated essential hypertension.

  1994influential reference
• Usefulness of amlodipine for angina pectoris.

  1994cited by this paper
• Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of amlodipine.

  1992cited by this paper
• Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group.

  1991cited by this paper
• A prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study to compare the efficacy and safety of chronic nifedipine therapy with that of isosorbide dinitrate and their combination in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure.

  1990cited by this paper
• Prognostic importance of the immediate hemodynamic response to nifedipine in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.

  1987influential reference

• Efficacy and Safety of Combination Therapy With Low Dose of Telmisartan and S-Amlodipine in Patients With Hypertension: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Therapeutic Confirmatory, Phase III Clinical Trial.

  2026cites this paper
• When "Low-Risk" Is Not No-Risk: Amlodipine and the Diagnostic Blind Spot of Granulomatous Drug Reactions.

  2026cites this paper
• Exploiting the synergy between computational and experimental biophysics for efficient cancer drug development

  2026cites this paper
• Evaluation of Effectiveness and Safety of Telmisartan and Amlodipine Fixed-Dose Combination in Indian Patients with Hypertension: TACT-India Study.

  2026cites this paper
• Spectroscopic methods for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in their binary mixture and pharmaceutical dosage form

  2026cites this paper
• TINJAUAN KIMIA FARMASI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK FARMASETIKA DAN EVALUASI DISOLUSI TABLET KOMBINASI AMLODIPIN BESILAT – LOSARTAN KALIUM

  2026cites this paper
• Correlation of Self-Management Behavior with Blood Pressure in Productive Age Hypertension Patients

  2025cites this paper
• Population Pharmacokinetics of Amlodipine and Telmisartan Following Oral Administration of a Single-Pill Fixed-Dose Combination in Healthy Korean Male Subjects

  2025cites this paper
• A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Azilsartan Medoxomil and Amlodipine Combination Therapy in Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Essential Hypertension Inadequately Controlled on Monotherapy.

  2025cites this paper
• Cu/ZnO@GO promoted green synthesis of novel dipyridopyrimidines: evaluation of biological activity and theoretical study of the mechanism using a DFT method

  2025cites this paper
• Retrospective Electronic Medical Records Study to Understand the Usage Patterns and Patient Profiles of Those Prescribed Amlodipine and Its Combinations

  2025influential citation
• Diels-Alder Reaction: A Versatile Synthetic Tool For the Synthesis of Terpenoids and Alkaloids: A review

  2025cites this paper
• The Effect of Aged Garlic Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Lipid Profile: A Dose–Response Grade‐Assessed Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

  2025cites this paper
• Optimization and Validation of an Eco-friendly Stability Indicating UPLC Analytical Method for Amlodipine Besylate Determination

  2025cites this paper
• Aqueous-Phase Uptake of Amlodipine Besylate by Activated Carbon Derived from Dwarf Elder

  2025cites this paper
• KARDİYOVASKÜLER SİSTEM HASTALIKLARINDA KALSİYUM KANAL BLOKÖRLERİ

  2025cites this paper
• A Rapid and Environmentally Benign Access to Hantzsch’s Polyhydroquinolines

  2025cites this paper
• A Randomized Open-Label Parallel-Group Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Candesartan Cilexetil and Amlodipine in Mild to Moderate Essential Hypertensives in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai

  2025cites this paper
• Efficacy and safety of ayurvedic intervention (Sarpgandha Mishran) vs amlodipine for Stage-I primary hypertension- study protocol for a prospective Double-Dummy, Double-Blind, placebo-controlled Randomized Clinical Trial

  2025cites this paper
• A Multivariate prediction model for amlodipine therapeutic efficacy in pediatric primary hypertension

  2025cites this paper
• Novel ecofriendly spectrophotometric methods for the determination of six dihydropyridines calcium channel blockers through derivatization with sulfophtalein dye: application to tablet analysis

  2025cites this paper
• Amlodipine-Associated Angioedema: An Integrated Pharmacovigilance Assessment Using Disproportionality and Interaction Analysis and Case Reviews

  2025cites this paper
• Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Hypertensive Therapy in Hypertensive Patients with Type 2 of Diabetes Mellitus at RSUD Dr. Soehadi Prijonegoro Sragen

  2025cites this paper
• EFFECTIVENESS OF AMLODIPINE WITH CONCOMITANT HERBAL THERAPY (BAY LEAVES, CELERY, CUCUMBER) IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN SURAKARTA

  2025cites this paper
• Biowaiver monograph for immediate-release solid oral dosage forms: Amlodipine Besylate.

  2025cites this paper
• Treating onychomycosis in diabetic patients: risk, therapy, and topical opportunity

  2025cites this paper
• Amlodipine in the Currently Management of Hypertension

  2025cites this paper
• Simultaneous use of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract and amlodipine: Antihypertensive activity and sub-chronic toxicity in rats

  2024cites this paper
• Synthesis and Characterization of Amlodipine-Conjugated Gd3+-Citric Acid PEG Dendrimers for Enhanced Cardiac MRI Contrast

  2024cites this paper
• [Position statement on the use of amlodipine during pregnancy. Working Group on Hypertension in Women, Argentine Society of Hypertension].

  2024cites this paper
• Open-Metal and Carboxamide-Tethered Redox-Active Undulated Framework for Mild-Condition Synthesis of Therapeutic Drugs and Tandem Catalysis with Size-Selectivity.

  2024cites this paper
• Amlodipine versus Nifedipine ER for the Management of Postpartum Hypertension: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial.

  2024cites this paper
• Amlodipine in the HRT cycle for frozen embryo transfer to correct uterine artery resistance in women with prior implantation failure: a randomized controlled trial

  2024cites this paper
• Bio‐Ag/ZnO@MWCNTs Promoted Green Synthesis of Novel Bis‐Pyrimidothiazines: Evaluation of Biological Activity

  2024cites this paper
• Pharmacogenomic Study of Selected Genes Affecting Amlodipine Blood Pressure Response in Patients with Hypertension

  2024cites this paper
• Uji Aktivitas Antihipertensi Seduhan Rambut Jagung (Zea mays L.) Terhadap Mencit Jantan Galur Swiss Webster

  2024cites this paper
• Drugs Associated with Urinary Retention Adverse Reactions: A Joint Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and Mendelian Randomization.

  2024cites this paper
• Management of Hypertension in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Indian Guideline 2024 by Association of Physicians of India and Indian College of Physicians.

  2024influential citation
• Cu@Fe3O4/SiO2@MWCNTs promoted green synthesis of novel bis‐1,4‐dihydropyridines and evaluation of biological activity

  2024cites this paper
• Highly sensitive and selective electrochemical nanosensor for simultaneous determination of amlodipine and clopidogrel in human plasma using a ZIF-8 MOF-modified carbon paste electrode containing silver

  2024cites this paper
• Approaches for Increasing Cerebral Efflux of Amyloid-β in Experimental Systems

  2024cites this paper
• One pot multicomponent reaction of curcumin: Green synthesis of novel 1,4‐dihydropyridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylates

  2024cites this paper
• Simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and azilsartan mixture in human plasma utilizing high-performance thin-layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection

  2024cites this paper
• Targeting SRD5A1 and MMP-2/NLRP3/TGF-β1 axis alleviates the amlodipine-induced gingival hyperplasia in rats: Emerging role of saw palmetto and folic acid.

  2024cites this paper
• Design and synthesis of novel dihydropyridine- and benzylideneimine-based tyrosinase inhibitors

  2024cites this paper
• Extemporaneous combination therapy with nebivolol/amlodipine for the treatment of hypertension: a real-world evidence study in Europe

  2024cites this paper
• Biochemical evaluation and ligand binding studies on glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase from Staphylococcus aureus using STD-NMR spectroscopy and molecular docking analysis.

  2024cites this paper
• The Management of Drug-Induced Gingival Enlargement in a Patient With Preexisting Periodontitis

  2024cites this paper
• Design, In silico Screening, Synthesis, Characterisation and DFT-based Electronic Properties of Dihydropyridine-based Molecule as L-type Calcium Channel Blocker.

  2024cites this paper
• Trends in antihypertensive use among privately insured hypertensive clients in Ghana

  2024cites this paper
• Opportunities of Amlodipine as a Potential Candidate in the Evaluation of Drug Compliance during Antihypertensive Therapy

  2023cites this paper
• Discovery of drug–omics associations in type 2 diabetes with generative deep-learning models

  2023cites this paper
• Compliance to treatment and its role in solving the problem of uncontrolled hypertension

  2023cites this paper
• Risk of Fractures With Concomitant Use of Calcium Channel Blockers and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

  2023cites this paper
• Utility of Cilefa Pink B, a foodstuff dye as a fluoro-substrate in the devising of the first facile green Molecular-mass-Related Fluorescence Sensor for quantifying amlodipine in batched material and dosage forms; content uniformity evaluation.

  2023cites this paper
• Amlodipine Therapy in β-Thalassemia Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Ferritin Levels and Liver MRI T2*

  2023cites this paper
• SE(3)-Invariant Multiparameter Persistent Homology for Chiral-Sensitive Molecular Property Prediction

  2023cites this paper
• Solubility studies of amlodipine besylate in ethylene glycol + ethanol mixtures at different temperatures

  2023cites this paper
• Roth's switch-on fluoremetric probe for green tracking and quantifying of 1.4-dihydropyridine medication: Evaluation of greenness, whiteness, and blueness

  2023cites this paper
• Antihypertensive and renal protective effect of bovine lactoferrin in dexamethasone-induced hypertension rats

  2023cites this paper
• Assessment of Drug-Induced Liver Injury through Cell Morphology and Gene Expression Analysis

  2023cites this paper
• Randomized, multicenter, parallel, open, phase 4 study to compare the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin/amlodipine polypill versus atorvastatin/amlodipine polypill in hypertension patient with dyslipidemia

  2023cites this paper
• Amlodipine in the current management of hypertension

  2023cites this paper
• Recent Insights on Drug Delivery System in Hypertension: From Bench to Market.

  2023cites this paper
• Effectiveness of a hypertension management protocol in rural Haitian adults and pregnant women

  2023cites this paper
• The Effect of Visual Media Education in the Management Therapy on the Level of Knowledge of Patients Diabetes Mellitus with Comorbid

  2023cites this paper
• Mechanisms Linking Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) to Cardiovascular Disease

  2023cites this paper
• Effectiveness of Amlodipine in the Control of 24-Hour Blood Pressure in Mild-to-Moderate Essential Hypertension: A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Real-World Study from India

  2023cites this paper
• Extemporaneous combination therapy with amlodipine/zofenopril in hypertensive patients: a real-world data analysis in Italy

  2023influential citation
• Effect of olmesartan and amlodipine on serum angiotensin-(1–7) levels and kidney and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension

  2023cites this paper
• Current practice toward the use of antihypertensive agents in the management of hypertension – A cross-sectional study among Indian physicians

  2023cites this paper
• In Vitro Drug Repurposing: Focus on Vasodilators

  2023cites this paper
• Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: The Good, the Bad and the Mixed

  2022cites this paper
• A Retrospective, Observational, EMR-Based Real-World Evidence Study to Assess the Incidence of Pedal Edema in Essential Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine or Cilnidipine

  2022cites this paper
• Nifedipine or amlodipine? The choice for hypertension during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Drugs repurposing: An approach to identify new hits against anticancer drug target TFIIH subunit p8.

  2022cites this paper
• Highly Efficient Electrocarboxylation Method to Synthesize Novel Acid Derivatives of 1,4-Dihydropyridines and to Study Their Antimicrobial Activity

  2022cites this paper
• Reno protective role of amlodipine in patients with hypertensive chronic kidney disease

  2022cites this paper
• Laporan Kasus: Terapi Covid-19 pada Pasien dengan Komorbid Hipertensi

  2022cites this paper
• 24-Hour Blood Pressure Control with Amlodipine: A Review of the Current Scenario

  2022cites this paper
• Response Surface Methodology Based Development and Quantification of Celecoxib and Amlodipine Using RP-HPLC.

  2022cites this paper
• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Amlodipine-Associated Genes and Their Correlation with Blood Pressure Control among South African Adults with Hypertension

  2022cites this paper
• Microneedle-assisted transdermal delivery of amlodipine besylate loaded nanoparticles

  2022cites this paper
• Development and Evaluation of Amlodipine-Polymer Nanocomposites Using Response Surface Methodology

  2022cites this paper
• 3-Methyl 5-{3-[(4-Methylbenzenesulfonyl)oxy]propyl} 4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate

  2022cites this paper
• Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Dual Therapy Perindopril/Amlodipine in the Management of Hypertension. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  2022cites this paper
• Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial Screening and Docking Studies of Newer 1,4‐Dihydropyridine tethered Chalcone Hybrids

  2022cites this paper
• Mathematical modeling of antihypertensive therapy

  2022cites this paper
• The efficacy of olmesartan/amlodipine combination in hypertension treatment – a systematic review

  2022cites this paper
• The effect of antihypertensive monotherapy and combination on blood pressure in stroke patients

  2022cites this paper
• IDENTIFIKASI DAMPAK INTERAKSI OBAT ANTIHIPERTENSI TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH PADA PASIEN GERIATRI HIPERTENSI YANG DIRAWAT INAP DI RSUD DR SOEDARSO PONTIANAK

  2022cites this paper
• Chemometric spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of metoprolol succinate and amlodipine besylate in their tablet formulation.

  2021cites this paper
• A rare case of accelerated gingival overgrowth with high dose amlodipine therapy

  2021cites this paper
• Morning hypertension for stroke and cardiovascular: clinical pearls for primary care

  2021cites this paper
• Variation of intraocular pressure comparing rebound (TONOVET Plus®) and applanation (TONO-PEN VET®) tonometry in New Zealand rabbits treated with Amlodipine®

  2021cites this paper
• Amlodipine and Landmark Trials: A Review

  2021cites this paper
• Identification of Drug-Related Problems in Hypertension Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Primary Health Care Center Batununggal District Bandung

  2021cites this paper
• A rare case of accelerated gingival overgrowth with high dose amlodipine therapy

  2021cites this paper
• Utilization, Cost, and Affordability of Antihypertensive Therapy in Bulgaria

  2021cites this paper
• Association of CYP3A5 Gene Polymorphisms and Amlodipine-Induced Peripheral Edema in Chinese Han Patients with Essential Hypertension

  2021cites this paper