Persistente organische Kontaminanten in Lebensmitteln

ZusammenfassungSowohl natürliche als auch technische Verbrennungsprozesse sowie industrielle Herstellungsprozesse und die Freisetzung aus Produkten führen zum Eintrag von organischen Kontaminanten in die Umwelt. Für einige dieser Stoffe stellen Lebensmittel einen Hauptpfad der menschlichen Exposition dar. Dazu gehören 3 Stoffgruppen persistenter organischer Kontaminanten: (1) Per- und Polyfluoralkylsubstanzen (PFAS), (2) polychlorierte Dibenzo-p-dioxine, Dibenzofurane (PCDD/F) und polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) sowie (3) polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK). Während die Problematik der Emissionen von PCDD/F bereits in den 1970er-Jahren erkannt und mittlerweile effektiv reguliert worden ist, wurde die Bedeutung von PFAS als globale anthropogene Umweltkontaminanten erst deutlich später erkannt.Zur Erfassung der Höhe des toxischen Potenzials einer Mischexposition ist für PCDD/F und bestimmte PCB ein Toxizitätsäquivalenzfaktor(TEF)-System etabliert. Für die Stoffgruppen PFAS bzw. PAK wird ein solches System bislang nicht für die gesundheitliche Bewertung und die Regulation herangezogen. Aktuell wird für PFAS die Reevaluierung der bisherigen gesundheitlichen Leitwerte diskutiert, da mittlerweile neue Erkenntnisse zur Toxikologie und Epidemiologie vorliegen.Die Persistenz der diskutierten Stoffgruppen in der Umwelt führt dazu, dass ein Eintrag in die Lebensmittelkette über lange Zeiträume bestehen bleibt, auch wenn Umwelteinträge minimiert werden. Dies erfordert eine langfristige Weiterführung des Monitorings von Lebensmitteln sowie die vorausschauende Weiterentwicklung von Risikobewertungsansätzen und Regulationsmaßnahmen.AbstractEnvironmental emissions of organic contaminants are caused by man-made and natural combustion processes, industrial production facilities, and the release from products. Food represents the main source of human exposure for some of these compounds. This is the case for three groups of persistent organic contaminants: (1) per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), (2) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and for (3) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The issues regarding PCDD/F emissions were already recognized as a problem in the 1970s and have since then been effectively regulated; the impact of PFAS as global anthropogenic environmental contaminants was identified much later.A system of toxicity equivalency factors (TEF system) was established for the assessment of the toxic potency of a mixed exposure to PCDD/F and certain PCBs. For the health assessment and regulation of PAHs and PFAS, no such system has been implemented so far. For PFAS, a re-evaluation of the present tolerable daily intake values (TDI values) is currently being discussed, as new insights into toxicology and epidemiology have been gained.The persistence in the environment of the compound groups discussed here leads to entry into the food chain over long periods of time, even if access into the environment is minimized. This requires a long-term continuation of the monitoring of food stuffs and forward-looking risk assessment approaches and regulatory measures.

• Publication year

  2017

• Venue

  Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz

• Publication date

  2017-06-01

• Fields of study

  Not labeled

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1007/s00103-017-2563-4
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

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