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Radioresistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma — Possible Molecular Markers for Local Recurrence and New Putative Therapeutic Strategies

F. Ganci,A. Sacconi,V. Manciocco,G. Spriano,G. Fontemaggi,P. Carlini,G. Blandino

Published 2015 in Unknown venue

ABSTRACT

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) comprises 5.5% of all incidence cancers and is the sixth leading cancer worldwide with approximately 600,000 cases reported annually [1, 2]. The vast majority of them are squamous cell carcinomas that originate in the epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. There is a higher incidence rate in males compared to females and the median age of patients with HNSCC is about 60 years [3]. The main risk factors for HNSCC are tobacco smoking and heavy use of alcohol. In particular, alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking have a synergic effect [4]. The contribution of tobacco exposure to HNSCC carcinogenesis is strongly correlated with the time and rate of the person who smokes and has showed to have site-specific differences according to the anatomical regions, with an increase in sensitivity from the oral cavity down to the larynx [5]. In addition, high-risk infection types of human papillomavirus (especially HPV-16 and 18) is emerging as a major cause of a subgroup of HNSCC, particularly those of the oropharynx and oral cavity [2, 6]. The traditional risk factors, tobacco and alcohol use, do not appear to play a contributing role in HPV-positive cancers [7]. However, it is known that HPV-positive and negative tumors have different clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics and that HPV-positive tumors are associated with a more favorable outcome [2, 6] and better response to standard therapy.

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