Searching for the cause of Kawasaki disease — cytoplasmic inclusion bodies provide new insight

Kawasaki disease (KD) has emerged as the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in the developed world. The cause of KD remains unknown, although an as-yet unidentified infectious agent might be responsible. By determining the causative agent, we can improve diagnosis, therapy and prevention of KD. Recently, identification of an antigen-driven IgA response that was directed at cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in KD tissues has provided new insights that could unlock the mysteries of KD.

• Publication year

  2008

• Venue

  Nature Reviews Microbiology

• Publication date

  2008-05-01

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1038/nrmicro1853PMID 18364728PMCID 7097362
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• [Pathology of Kawasaki disease].

  2008cited by this paper
• ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms

  2008cited by this paper
• RNA-Containing Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies in Ciliated Bronchial Epithelium Months to Years after Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2008cited by this paper
• T cell activation profiles in Kawasaki syndrome

  2007cited by this paper
• Genome plasticity of BCG and impact on vaccine efficacy

  2007cited by this paper
• Activated myeloid dendritic cells accumulate and co-localize with CD3+ T cells in coronary artery lesions in patients with Kawasaki disease.

  2007cited by this paper
• Detection of human bocavirus in children with Kawasaki disease.

  2007cited by this paper
• Comparative genomics of metabolic pathways in Mycobacterium species: gene duplication, gene decay and lateral gene transfer.

  2006cited by this paper
• Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies in Kawasaki Disease

  2006cited by this paper
• WHO discussion on the improvement of the quality control of BCG vaccines. Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, 7 June 2005.

  2006cited by this paper
• Incidence of Kawasaki disease in Japan: the nationwide surveys of 1999–2002

  2006cited by this paper
• A genomewide linkage analysis of Kawasaki disease: evidence for linkage to chromosome 12

  2006cited by this paper
• Microsatellite polymorphism across the M. tuberculosis and M. bovis genomes: Implications on genome evolution and plasticity

  2006cited by this paper
• Blinded Case‐Control Study of the Relationship between Human Coronavirus NL63 and Kawasaki Syndrome

  2006cited by this paper
• Coronary arterial lesions of Kawasaki disease: Cardiac catheterization findings of 1100 cases

  2006cited by this paper
• Development of serum IgM antibodies against superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in Kawasaki disease

  2006cited by this paper
• Family-based association analysis implicates IL-4 in susceptibility to Kawasaki disease

  2005cited by this paper
• Genetic variations in the receptor-ligand pair CCR5 and CCL3L1 are important determinants of susceptibility to Kawasaki disease.

  2005cited by this paper
• Delayed Diagnosis of Kawasaki Syndrome: An Analysis of the Problem

  2005cited by this paper
• Human Coronavirus NL63 Is Not Detected in the Respiratory Tracts of Children with Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2005cited by this paper
• Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies Are Detected by Synthetic Antibody in Ciliated Bronchial Epithelium during Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2005cited by this paper
• Association between a Novel Human Coronavirus and Kawasaki Disease

  2005cited by this paper
• Cloning the Arterial IgA Antibody Response during Acute Kawasaki Disease1

  2005cited by this paper
• Angiogenesis in Fatal Acute Kawasaki Disease Coronary Artery and Myocardium

  2005cited by this paper
• Bacterial genome size reduction by experimental evolution.

  2005cited by this paper
• Primary cytomegalovirus infection, atypical Kawasaki disease, and coronary aneurysms in 2 infants.

  2005cited by this paper
• Expression and characterization of Rv2430c, a novel immunodominant antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

  2004cited by this paper
• Antibodies to highly conserved peptide sequence of staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens in Kawasaki disease.

  2004cited by this paper
• Serum Levels of Interleukin-18 Are Elevated in the Subacute Phase of Kawasaki Syndrome

  2004cited by this paper
• Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2004cited by this paper
• Detection of antigen in bronchial epithelium and macrophages in acute Kawasaki disease by use of synthetic antibody.

  2004cited by this paper
• Kawasaki disease in parents and children

  2003cited by this paper
• Systemic Arterial Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2003cited by this paper
• PPE Antigen Rv2430c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces a Strong B-Cell Response

  2003cited by this paper
• CTLA-4 (CD152) Expression in T Cells during the Acute Stage of Kawasaki Disease

  2003cited by this paper
• Kawasaki syndrome hospitalizations in the United States, 1997 and 2000.

  2003cited by this paper
• Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Associated with Kawasaki Disease

  2003cited by this paper
• Inflammatory pulmonary nodules in Kawasaki disease

  2003cited by this paper
• Systemic Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1 Receptor in Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2002cited by this paper
• Prevalence of superantigen-secreting bacteria in patients with Kawasaki disease.

  2002cited by this paper
• The role of anti‐endothelial cell antibodies in Kawasaki disease –in vitro and in vivo studies

  2002cited by this paper
• Peripheral blood eosinophilia and eosinophil accumulation in coronary microvessels in acute Kawasaki disease

  2002cited by this paper
• Maternal antibody against toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 may protect infants younger than 6 months of age from developing Kawasaki syndrome.

  2002cited by this paper
• Surface and Cytoplasmic Immunoglobulin Expression in Circulating B-Lymphocytes in Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2001cited by this paper
• CD 8 T Lymphocytes and Macrophages Infiltrate Coronary Artery Aneurysms in Acute Kawasaki Disease

  2001cited by this paper
• Oligoclonal IgA Response in the Vascular Wall in Acute Kawasaki Disease1

  2001cited by this paper
• Initial intravenous gammaglobulin treatment failure in Kawasaki disease.

  2000cited by this paper
• Active Remodeling of the Coronary Arterial Lesions in the Late Phase of Kawasaki Disease

  2000cited by this paper
• IgA plasma cell infiltration of proximal respiratory tract, pancreas, kidney, and coronary artery in acute Kawasaki disease.

  2000cited by this paper
• Catheter interventional treatment in Kawasaki disease: A report from the Japanese Pediatric Interventional Cardiology Investigation group.

  2000cited by this paper
• Active remodeling of the coronary arterial lesions in the late phase of Kawasaki disease: immunohistochemical study.

  2000cited by this paper
• Changes in epidemic patterns of Kawasaki disease in Japan.

  1999cited by this paper
• Polyclonal expansion of TCRBV2‐ and TCRBV6‐bearing T cells in patients with Kawasaki disease

  1999cited by this paper
• Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence

  1998cited by this paper
• Characterization of the T‐Cell Receptor V‐β Repertoire in Kawasaki Disease

  1998cited by this paper
• Conserved T Cell Receptor Repertoire in Primary and Memory CD8 T Cell Responses to an Acute Viral Infection

  1998cited by this paper
• A Mycobacterium tuberculosis operon encoding ESAT-6 and a novel low-molecular-mass culture filtrate protein (CFP-10).

  1998cited by this paper
• IgA plasma cells in vascular tissue of patients with Kawasaki syndrome.

  1997cited by this paper
• Predominant T-cell receptor Vbeta usage of intraepithelial lymphocytes during the immune response to enteric reovirus infection

  1997cited by this paper
• Cardiac transplantation for Kawasaki disease.

  1997cited by this paper
• Analysis of T-cell receptor Vbeta repertoire in liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C.

  1997cited by this paper
• Clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells in Kawasaki disease.

  1997cited by this paper
• High levels of circulating interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in Kawasaki disease.

  1997cited by this paper
• Analysis of T-cell receptor Vβ repertoire in liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic hepatitis C

  1997cited by this paper
• Long-term consequences of Kawasaki disease. A 10- to 21-year follow-up study of 594 patients.

  1996cited by this paper
• Characterization of diverse primary herpes simplex virus type 1 gB-specific cytotoxic T-cell response showing a preferential V beta bias

  1995cited by this paper
• Epidemiologic pictures of Kawasaki disease in Japan: from the nationwide incidence survey in 1991 and 1992.

  1995cited by this paper
• Evidence for a superantigen mediated process in Kawasaki disease.

  1995cited by this paper
• Characterization of CD4+ T helper cells in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD): preferential production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by V beta 2- or V beta 8- CD4+ T helper cells.

  1995cited by this paper
• Characterization of CD4+ T helper cells in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD): preferential production of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) by Vβ2− or Vβ8− CD4+ T helper cells

  1995cited by this paper
• The absence of evidence of staphylococcal toxin involvement in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease.

  1995cited by this paper
• Long-term outcome of myocardial revascularization in patients with Kawasaki coronary artery disease. A multicenter cooperative study.

  1994cited by this paper
• TCR V beta family repertoire and T cell activation markers in Kawasaki disease.

  1994cited by this paper
• Toxic shock syndrome toxin-secreting Staphylococcus aureus in Kawasaki syndrome.

  1993cited by this paper
• Prominent usage of V beta 8.3 T cells in the H-2Db-restricted response to an influenza A virus nucleoprotein epitope.

  1993cited by this paper
• Characterization of T cell repertoire changes in acute Kawasaki disease

  1993cited by this paper
• Selective expansion of T cells expressing T-cell receptor variable regions Vβ2 and Vβ8 in Kawasaki disease

  1992cited by this paper
• Serial changes of serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha among patients with Kawasaki disease.

  1992cited by this paper
• Selective expansion of T cells expressing T-cell receptor variable regions V beta 2 and V beta 8 in Kawasaki disease.

  1992cited by this paper
• Pathological observations concerning the cardiovascular lesions in Kawasaki disease

  1991cited by this paper
• Isolation of measles virus from child with Kawasaki disease.

  1991cited by this paper
• A single intravenous infusion of gamma globulin as compared with four infusions in the treatment of acute Kawasaki syndrome.

  1991cited by this paper
• Failure to Confirm the Presence of a Retrovirus in Cultured Lymphocytes from Patients with Kawasaki Syndrome

  1991cited by this paper
• Isolation of measles virus from child with Kawasaki disease.

  1991cited by this paper
• Aortocoronary bypass surgery for coronary arterial lesions resulting from Kawasaki disease.

  1990cited by this paper
• Protection of guinea pigs against experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever by purified human IgG: importance of elimination of infected cells.

  1990cited by this paper
• The acute phase nature of interleukin 6: studies in Kawasaki disease and other febrile illnesses.

  1989cited by this paper
• Kawasaki disease in families.

  1989cited by this paper
• Absence of significant RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity in lymphocytes from patients with Kawasaki syndrome

  1989cited by this paper
• Elevated circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with Kawasaki disease.

  1989cited by this paper
• Pathological features of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome).

  1987cited by this paper
• Incomplete Kawasaki disease with coronary artery involvement.

  1987cited by this paper
• Imbalance among T-cell subsets in patients with coronary arterial aneurysms in Kawasaki disease.

  1987cited by this paper
• Variant Streptococcus sanguis as an etiological agent of Kawasaki disease.

  1987cited by this paper
• Pathological features of Kawasaki disease (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome).

  1987cited by this paper
• Does Kawasaki disease have a retroviral aetiology?

  1986cited by this paper
• The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin.

  1986cited by this paper
• The treatment of Kawasaki syndrome with intravenous gamma globulin.

  1986cited by this paper
• Clinical characteristics of myocardial infarction following Kawasaki disease: report of 11 cases.

  1986cited by this paper
• Polymerase activity in lymphocyte culture supernatants from patients with Kawasaki disease

  1986cited by this paper

• Kawasaki Disease Versus Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Exploring the Complexities of Pediatric Cardiac Inflammatory Disorders

  2026cites this paper
• Add in a virus: four cases of severe Kawasaki disease and concurrent adenovirus infection

  2025cites this paper
• Synchronization and dynamics of modified fractional order Kawasaki disease model with chaos stability control

  2025cites this paper
• Potential Mechanisms and Hypotheses for Pathogenic Microorganisms Triggering Kawasaki Disease

  2025cites this paper
• Recurrent Kawasaki disease with polyserositis and pulmonary lesions in a 5-year-old boy: a case report

  2025cites this paper
• Meteorin-β: A Novel Biomarker and Therapeutic Target on Its Way to the Regulation of Human Diseases

  2025cites this paper
• Concurrent infections in children with Kawasaki disease: lessons learned over 26 years

  2025cites this paper
• Gut Microbiota Alterations in Patients With Kawasaki Disease

  2025cites this paper
• Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome or Kawasaki disease - continuous challenges in Pediatrics - case report

  2024cites this paper
• Corticosteroid effects on IL-10 and IL-1β in U937-derived macrophages: A model for Kawasaki disease-associated inflammation.

  2024cites this paper
• Coronary Aneurysm after Excimer Laser Catheter Ablation and Plain Balloon Angioplasty for Chronic Total Occlusion in a Patient with Kawasaki Disease

  2024cites this paper
• The central role of Interleukin-1 signaling in the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease vasculitis: Path to Translation.

  2024cites this paper
• Precision Medicine in Congenital Heart Disease, Rheumatic Heart Disease, and Kawasaki Disease of Children: An Overview of Literature.

  2024cites this paper
• Human cytomegalovirus pUL135 protein affects endothelial cell function via CD2AP in Kawasaki disease.

  2024cites this paper
• Serum IL-41 might be a biomarker for IVIG resistance and coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease.

  2023cites this paper
• Pathophysiological and clinical point of view on Kawasaki disease and MIS-C

  2023cites this paper
• Kawasaki Disease and Respiratory Viruses: Ecological Spatiotemporal Analysis

  2023cites this paper
• Sub-weekly signatures relate ultrafine aerosols enriched in metals from intensive farming and urban pollution to Kawasaki disease

  2023cites this paper
• The Association between Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19: The Alarm for Pediatrics

  2023cites this paper
• Title : Pathophysiological and clinical point of view on Kawasaki disease and MISC Running title : Comparison between Kawasaki disease and MISC

  2023cites this paper
• Oblivion: autopsy findings of a 31-year-old man with sudden cardiac arrest, a case report of a sequalae of Kawasaki disease

  2022cites this paper
• Caracterización del microbioma nasofaríngeo en pacientes con enfermedad de Kawasaki

  2022cites this paper
• CD36 is Associated With the Development of Coronary Artery Lesions in Patients With Kawasaki Disease

  2022cites this paper
• Characterization of the nasopharyngeal microbiome in patients with Kawasaki disease.

  2022cites this paper
• The Challenging Diagnosis of Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated with Sars-Cov-2 Infection-Two Case Reports and Literature Review

  2021cites this paper
• Enfermedad de Kawasaki

  2021cites this paper
• Hygiene Hypothesis as the Etiology of Kawasaki Disease: Dysregulation of Early B Cell Development

  2021cites this paper
• Update on endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19: severe disease, long COVID-19 and pediatric characteristics

  2021cites this paper
• MIS-C is likely to be distinct from Kawasaki disease based on current studies: a narrative review

  2021cites this paper
• Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from acute Kawasaki disease patients

  2021cites this paper
• Kawasaki Disease and Vaccination: Prospective Case-Control and Case-Crossover Studies among Infants in Japan

  2021cites this paper
• Clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease and concurrent pathogens during isolation in COVID-19 pandemic

  2021cites this paper
• Is there any association between asthma and Kawasaki disease? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

  2021cites this paper
• Vaping, SARS-CoV-2, and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Perfect Storm

  2021cites this paper
• A meta-analysis on association between viral infections and Kawasaki disease in children

  2021cites this paper
• Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 in Indian children: Pune experience

  2021cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease recurrence in the COVID-19 era: a systematic review of the literature

  2021cites this paper
• Increased Pentraxin 3 Levels Correlate With IVIG Responsiveness and Coronary Artery Aneurysm Formation in Kawasaki Disease

  2021cites this paper
• Deep immune profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19

  2021cites this paper
• Epigenetic Regulation of Macrophage Marker Expression Profiles in Kawasaki Disease

  2020cites this paper
• A Comprehensive Update on Kawasaki Disease Vasculitis and Myocarditis

  2020cites this paper
• Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 in children: a comprehensive review and pathophysiological considerations

  2020cites this paper
• Tenascin-C in cardiac disease: A sophisticated controller of inflammation, repair, and fibrosis.

  2020cites this paper
• The Platelet microRNA Profile of Kawasaki Disease: Identification of Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers

  2020cites this paper
• The Immunology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID-19

  2020cites this paper
• Sub-weekly cycle uncovers the hidden link of 1atmospheric pollution to Kawasaki Disease

  2020cites this paper
• Antibodies and Immunity During Kawasaki Disease

  2020cites this paper
• Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

  2020cites this paper
• Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

  2020cites this paper
• Paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

  2020cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease: pathophysiology and insights from mouse models

  2020cites this paper
• Untapped potential: The utility of drylands for testing eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites

  2020cites this paper
• High-Throughput Screening of Kawasaki Disease Sera for Antiviral Antibodies.

  2020cites this paper
• Adjuvant herbal therapy for targeting susceptibility genes to Kawasaki disease: An overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and pharmacological treatment of Kawasaki disease

  2020cites this paper
• Dermatological manifestations of the Coronavirus disease 2019 in children: a systemic review

  2020cites this paper
• Aberrant peripheral immune responses in acute Kawasaki disease with single-cell sequencing

  2020cites this paper
• First Retrospective Analysis of 448 Pediatric Cases of Kawasaki Disease of Two Cohorts from China and Russia

  2020cites this paper
• Deep Immune Profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19

  2020cites this paper
• Vascular repair and anti-inflammatory effects of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor

  2019cites this paper
• Deep Neck Space Involvement of Kawasaki Disease in the US: A Population-Based Study.

  2019cites this paper
• B Cells and Antibodies in Kawasaki Disease

  2019cites this paper
• Feverless kawasaki disease: a case report and review of the literature

  2019cites this paper
• Aetiological Significance of Infectious Stimuli in Kawasaki Disease

  2019cites this paper
• Causes of Kawasaki Disease—From Past to Present

  2019cites this paper
• Dilating Vascular Diseases: Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects

  2018cites this paper
• Melatonin: A hypothesis for Kawasaki disease treatment.

  2018cites this paper
• [National consensus on the cardiological treatment and follow-up of Kawasaki disease].

  2018cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease: a comprehensive review

  2018cites this paper
• OPCAB (Off Pump Coronary Artery Bypass) for Kawasaki Disease

  2018cites this paper
• National consensus on the cardiological treatment and follow-up of Kawasaki disease

  2018cites this paper
• Immunoglobulin profiling identifies unique signatures in patients with Kawasaki disease during intravenous immunoglobulin treatment

  2018cites this paper
• Is Kawasaki disease an infectious disorder?

  2017cites this paper
• Dissecting Kawasaki disease: a state-of-the-art review

  2017cites this paper
• CD8+ T Cells Contribute to the Development of Coronary Arteritis in the Lactobacillus casei Cell Wall Extract–Induced Murine Model of Kawasaki Disease

  2017cites this paper
• Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Gene Polymorphisms are Associated with Coronary Artery Lesions in the Chronic Stage of Kawasaki Disease.

  2017cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease and coronary artery aneurysms: from childhood to adulthood.

  2017cites this paper
• Pathophysiology of Kawasaki Disease

  2017cites this paper
• THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IVIG ON TREATING KAWASAKI DISEASE AND, PREVENTING CARDIAC ANEURYSM: A REVIEW ARTICLE

  2017cites this paper
• (2017). Kawasaki disease and coronary artery aneurysms: From childhood to adulthood. Future Cardiology , 13 (5), 491-501.

  2017cites this paper
• The prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss in patients with Kawasaki disease after treatment

  2016cites this paper
• Diseases of Small and Medium-sized Blood Vessels

  2016cites this paper
• Role of Interleukin-1 Signaling in a Mouse Model of Kawasaki Disease–Associated Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

  2016cites this paper
• Chapter 16 – Kawasaki Disease

  2016cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease associated with complicated Streptococcus pyogenes pneumonia : A case report

  2016cites this paper
• Incidence Rate and Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects of Kawasaki Disease in Children of Maghrebi Origin in the Province of Quebec, Canada, Compared to the Country of Origin

  2016cites this paper
• Systemic Vasculopathies: Imaging and Management.

  2016cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease: a matter of innate immunity

  2016cites this paper
• IL-1 Signaling Is Critically Required in Stromal Cells in Kawasaki Disease Vasculitis Mouse Model: Role of Both IL-1&agr; and IL-1&bgr;

  2015cites this paper
• A Child With Kawasaki Disease and Yersinia enterocolitica Infection

  2015cites this paper
• A Case of Complete Adult-Onset Kawasaki Disease: A Review of Pathogenesis and Classification

  2015cites this paper
• Incomplete Kawasaki Disease with Coronary Artery Aneurysm and Coronary Sinus Thrombus

  2015cites this paper
• An Evaluation of the Validity of the Animal Models of Kawasaki Disease Vasculopathy

  2014cites this paper
• Tropospheric winds from northeastern China carry the etiologic agent of Kawasaki disease from its source to Japan

  2014cites this paper
• Kawasaki Disease has so Much to Teach us!

  2014cites this paper
• Diagnosis and classification of Kawasaki disease.

  2014cites this paper
• Diseases of Medium-Sized and Small Vessels

  2014cites this paper
• A Genetic Variant rs1801274 in FCGR2A as a Potential Risk Marker for Kawasaki Disease: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis

  2014cites this paper
• Fascinating Interaction between Host and Pathogen

  2013cites this paper
• Can a systems biology approach unlock the mysteries of Kawasaki disease?

  2013cites this paper
• Kawasaki disease and ENSO‐driven wind circulation

  2013cites this paper