Optical fiber properties of individual human cones.

The tuning properties of the ensemble of cone photoreceptors is due to the tuning properties of individual cones convolved with the disarray in pointing direction between the cones. We used direct imaging with the Rochester adaptive optics ophthalmoscope to directly image these properties in individual cones in living human eyes. We found that cone disarray is very small, accounting for less than 1% of the breadth of the tuning function of an ensemble of cones. The implication is that the optical fiber properties of an ensemble of cones mimic the tuning properties of a single cone.

• Publication year

  2002

• Venue

  Journal of Vision

• Publication date

  2002-09-01

• Fields of study

  Medicine, Physics

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1167/2.5.4PMID 12678654
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Light and circadian regulation of retinomotor movement.

  2001cited by this paper
• Vision: Realignment of cones after cataract removal

  2001cited by this paper
• Concepts and challenges in retinal biology. A tribute to John E. Dowling. Introduction.

  2001cited by this paper
• Chapter 34 Light and circadian regulation of retinomotor movement

  2001cited by this paper
• Cone spacing and waveguide properties from cone directionality measurements.

  1999influential reference
• The arrangement of the three cone classes in the living human eye

  1999cited by this paper
• Model for cone directionality reflectometric measurements based on scattering.

  1998cited by this paper
• Supernormal vision and high-resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics.

  1997cited by this paper
• Variations in photoreceptor directionally across the central retina.

  1997cited by this paper
• A reflectometric technique for assessing photoreceptor alignment.

  1995cited by this paper
• Direct measurement of human-cone-photoreceptor alignment.

  1995cited by this paper
• Parametric representation of Stiles-Crawford functions: normal variation of peak location and directionality.

  1993influential reference
• Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

  1992cited by this paper
• Directionality and alignment of the foveal receptors, assessed with light scattered from the human fundus in vivo.

  1986cited by this paper
• Visual function abnormalities in macular heterotopia caused by proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

  1981cited by this paper
• Visual consequences of the foveal pit.

  1980cited by this paper
• Directionally selective light adaptation: a visual consequence of receptor disarray?

  1974influential reference
• Optical Properties of the Retinal Receptors

  1963cited by this paper
• Luminous Efficiency of Rays entering the Eye Pupil at Different Points

  1937cited by this paper

• Structural analysis of cone photoreceptors in AO-OCT enables S-cone identification by a support vector machine classifier

  2025cites this paper
• 共聚焦激光扫描检眼镜研究进展与应用（特邀）

  2024cites this paper
• Photopigment density variation of individual cone photoreceptors revealed by phase-sensitive AO-OCT

  2023cites this paper
• Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited].

  2023cites this paper
• S-cone identification using AO-OCT cone structural measurements and support vector machine classifier

  2023cites this paper
• The role of retinotopic cues in deciphering the direction and magnitude of monocular dynamic ocular accommodation: A review.

  2022cites this paper
• Automatic quantification of cone photoreceptors in adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope images using multi-task learning.

  2022cites this paper
• Patches of Dysflective Cones in Eyes With No Known Disease

  2022cites this paper
• Visual Axis and Stiles–Crawford Effect Peak Show a Positional Correlation in Normal Eyes: A Cohort Study

  2022cites this paper
• Therapy with voretigene neparvovec. How to measure success?

  2022cites this paper
• Twenty-five years of clinical applications using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy [Invited].

  2022cites this paper
• Adaptive Optics Imaging of Inherited Retinal Disease.

  2022cites this paper
• Functional Optical Coherence Tomography for Intrinsic Signal Optoretinography: Recent Developments and Deployment Challenges

  2022cites this paper
• Using directional OCT to analyze photoreceptor visibility over AMD-related drusen

  2022cites this paper
• Subjective measurement of the Stiles‐Crawford effect of the first kind with variation in accommodation

  2021cites this paper
• Detection Sensitivity of Retinitis Pigmentosa Progression Using Static Perimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography

  2021cites this paper
• Subjective measurement of the Stiles-Crawford effect with different field sizes.

  2021cites this paper
• Retinal Differential Light Sensitivity Variation Across the Macula in Healthy Subjects: Importance of Cone Separation and Loci Eccentricity

  2021cites this paper
• In-vivo sub-diffraction adaptive optics imaging of photoreceptors in the human eye with annular pupil illumination and sub-Airy detection.

  2021cites this paper
• Persistent Dark Cones in Oligocone Trichromacy Revealed by Multimodal Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy

  2021cites this paper
• Simultaneous directional full-field OCT using path-length and carrier multiplexing.

  2021cites this paper
• Automated image processing pipeline for adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy.

  2021cites this paper
• Optoretinography is coming of age

  2021cites this paper
• Comparison of confocal and non-confocal split-detection cone photoreceptor imaging.

  2021cites this paper
• Cone mitochondria act as microlenses to enhance light delivery and confer Stiles-Crawford-like direction sensitivity

  2021cites this paper
• Ocular Imaging for Enhancing the Understanding, Assessment, and Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

  2021cites this paper
• Understanding the role of retinal cone photoreceptors in color perception, blur, and emmetropization

  2020cites this paper
• Microstructure of the retinal pigment epithelium near-infrared autofluorescence in healthy young eyes and in patients with AMD

  2020cites this paper
• Measuring the spatial distribution of multiply scattered light using a de-scanned image sensor for examining retinal structure contrast.

  2020cites this paper
• Photoreceptor Structure in GNAT2-Associated Achromatopsia

  2020cites this paper
• ATTENUATION OUTER RETINAL BANDS ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FOLLOWING MACULAR EDEMA: A Possible Manifestation of Photoreceptor Misalignment.

  2020cites this paper
• Longitudinal Assessment of Remnant Foveal Cone Structure in a Case Series of Early Macular Telangiectasia Type 2

  2020cites this paper
• Imaging of Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in Eyes With Aged Lenses or Intraocular Lenses

  2020cites this paper
• A Review of Achromatopsia

  2020influential citation
• Longitudinal adaptive optics fluorescence microscopy reveals cellular mosaicism in patients.

  2019cites this paper
• Adaptive Optics Retinal Imaging in CNGA3-Associated Achromatopsia: Retinal Characterization, Interocular Symmetry, and Intrafamilial Variability

  2019cites this paper
• Relationship Between Cone Loss and Microvasculature Change in Retinitis Pigmentosa.

  2019cites this paper
• Adaptive Optics Imaging in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

  2019cites this paper
• Highlighting Directional Reflectance Properties of Retinal Substructures From D-OCT Images

  2019cites this paper
• Adaptive Optics for Photoreceptor-Targeted Psychophysics

  2019cites this paper
• Assessment of ocular aberrations at scaled pupil size and reduced Shack-Hartmann spot number

  2019cites this paper
• Light reflectivity and interference in cone photoreceptors.

  2019cites this paper
• Repeatability of Adaptive Optics Automated Cone Measurements in Subjects With Retinitis Pigmentosa and Novel Metrics for Assessment of Image Quality

  2019cites this paper
• In vitro and schematic model eye assessment of glare or positive dysphotopsia-type photic phenomena: Comparison of a new material IOL to other monofocal IOLs.

  2019cites this paper
• Sub-Airy Confocal Adaptive Optics Scanning Ophthalmoscopy

  2018cites this paper
• Deep learning based detection of cone photoreceptors with multimodal adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope images of achromatopsia.

  2018cites this paper
• The Effects of Severe Myopia on the Properties of Sampling Units in Peripheral Retina.

  2018cites this paper
• Sub-Airy Confocal Adaptive Optics Scanning

  2018cites this paper
• CHANGES OF CONE PHOTORECEPTOR MOSAIC IN AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE BESTROPHINOPATHY.

  2018cites this paper
• Adaptive Optics and Its Use in Inflammatory Eye Disease

  2018cites this paper
• Multimodal Imaging in Uveitis

  2018cites this paper
• DIRECTIONAL VARIABILITY OF FUNDUS REFLECTANCE IN ACUTE MACULAR NEURORETINOPATHY: EVIDENCE FOR A CONTRIBUTION OF THE STILES–CRAWFORD EFFECT

  2018cites this paper
• Differential detection of retinal directionality.

  2018cites this paper
• CHANGES IN VISUAL ACUITY AND PHOTORECEPTOR DENSITY USING ADAPTIVE OPTICS AFTER RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR.

  2018cites this paper
• Inherited Retinal Degenerations: Current Landscape and Knowledge Gaps

  2018cites this paper
• Left-right asymmetry of the Maxwell spot centroids in adults without and with dyslexia

  2017cites this paper
• High-Resolution Imaging of Intraretinal Structures in Active and Resolved Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

  2017cites this paper
• Analysis of Cone Mosaic Reflectance Properties in Healthy Eyes and in Eyes With Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Over Time.

  2017cites this paper
• 18 The retina and the Stiles–Crawford effects

  2017cites this paper
• OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND HISTOLOGY OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION SUPPORT MITOCHONDRIA AS REFLECTIVITY SOURCES

  2017cites this paper
• Open source software for automatic detection of cone photoreceptors in adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy using convolutional neural networks

  2017cites this paper
• Adaptive optics imaging of inherited retinal diseases

  2017cites this paper
• 7 Cellular Level Imaging of the Retina Using Optical Coherence Tomography

  2017cites this paper
• Photoreceptor-Based Biomarkers in Retinal Imaging.

  2017cites this paper
• Volumetric integration model of the Stiles-Crawford effect of the first kind and its experimental verification.

  2017cites this paper
• Adaptive Optiken – Möglichkeiten für die Diagnostik hereditärer Netzhauterkrankungen

  2017cites this paper
• Photoreceptor-Based Biomarkers in AOSLO Retinal Imaging

  2017cites this paper
• An Automated Reference Frame Selection (ARFS) Algorithm for Cone Imaging with Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy

  2017cites this paper
• Analysis of photoreceptor pointing using quadrant pupil detection

  2017cites this paper
• The effects of retinal image motion on the limits of spatial vision

  2017cites this paper
• Imaging individual neurons in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the living eye

  2017cites this paper
• Adaptive Optics Reveals Photoreceptor Abnormalities in Diabetic Macular Ischemia

  2017cites this paper
• In Vivo Imaging of the Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Mosaic Using Adaptive Optics Enhanced Indocyanine Green Ophthalmoscopy

  2016cites this paper
• Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years.

  2016cites this paper
• In vivo cellular-resolution retinal imaging in infants and children using an ultracompact handheld probe

  2016cites this paper
• Conception d'algorithmes innovants de traitement d'images de la rétine chez l'homme. (Innovative treatments of high resolution retina images in the human eye)

  2016cites this paper
• Cone Integrity in Glaucoma: An Adaptive-Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Study.

  2016cites this paper
• Evaluating Descriptive Metrics of the Human Cone Mosaic

  2016cites this paper
• Automatic detection of cone photoreceptors in split detector adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope images

  2016cites this paper
• Correlating Photoreceptor Mosaic Structure to Clinical Findings in Stargardt Disease

  2016cites this paper
• Normal Perceptual Sensitivity Arising From Weakly Reflective Cone Photoreceptors.

  2015cites this paper
• Retinal response to departure from perfect power coupling: implications for the Stiles–Crawford effect

  2015cites this paper
• Noninvasive Assessment of Photoreceptor Structure and Function in the Human Retina

  2015cites this paper
• Adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy.

  2015cites this paper
• The Negative Cone Mosaic: A New Manifestation of the Optical Stiles-Crawford Effect in Normal Eyes.

  2015cites this paper
• Directionality of individual cone photoreceptors in the parafoveal region.

  2015cites this paper
• Rapid measurement of individual cone photoreceptor pointing using focus diversity.

  2015cites this paper
• Retinal Imaging and Cone Pointing Measurements in the Living Chick Eye

  2015cites this paper
• Modal content of living human cone photoreceptors.

  2015cites this paper
• Measurement of the photoreceptor pointing in the living chick eye.

  2015cites this paper
• Development of a fundus camera for analysis of photoreceptor directionality in the healthy retina

  2015cites this paper
• Imaging modal content of cone photoreceptors using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography

  2015cites this paper
• Mapping the Perceptual Grain of the Human Retina

  2014cites this paper
• Cellular Functional Architecture of the Human Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic

  2014cites this paper
• Directional sensitivity of the retina: A layered scattering model of outer-segment photoreceptor pigments.

  2014cites this paper
• Careful cone counting critical for clinical care

  2014cites this paper
• Age-related macular degeneration: clinical findings, histopathology and imaging techniques.

  2014cites this paper
• Photoreceptor perturbation around subretinal drusenoid deposits as revealed by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

  2014cites this paper
• Retinal microstructural changes in eyes with resolved branch retinal vein occlusion: an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy study.

  2014cites this paper
• Cone abnormalities in fundus albipunctatus associated with RDH5 mutations assessed using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.

  2014cites this paper