Surface–atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland

Long-term measurements of fluxes of sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE) and carbon dioxide (Fc) were made from December 2005 to August 2006 over an urban landscape in Helsinki, Finland using the direct micrometeorological eddy covariance technique. Three distinguished sectors of land-use cover (vegetation, roads and buildings) allowed comparisons of fluxes over different urban surfaces. The normalized standard deviation of wind and scalars as a function of atmospheric stability were typical for rough surfaces, as were turbulence spectra and cospectra. Footprint analysis was performed by a boundary-layer one and half-order closure model allowing for discrimination of surface and canopy sinks/sources and complex topography. Fluxes were analysed as average diurnal courses over winter, spring and summer periods. H exceeded LE reaching 300 W m-2 over urban and road surfaces in the summer and it was close to 100 W m-2 in the winter. LE was highest in the summer over vegetation cover attaining 150 W m-2. The emission rate of CO2 was high over road sector [20 μmol (m2s)-1] [Correction added after online publication 16 Oct 2007: 30 μmol changed to 20 μmol] while in the vegetation sector it remained below 5 μmol (m2s)-1 and at summertime reached even −10 μmol(m2 s)-1 [Correction added after online publication 16 Oct 2007: wording of sentence altered]. Effluxes from soil measured by chambers were 1- 3 μmol (m2s)-1. Fc correlated with traffic density and a background non-vehicle flux was 1 μmol (m2s)-1 [Correction added after online publication 16 Oct 2007: 2 μmol changed to 1 μmol].

• Publication year

  2008

• Venue

  Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

• Publication date

  2008-01-01

• Fields of study

  Geography, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00312.x
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities

  2007influential reference
• Modification of Two-Equation Models to Account for Plant Drag

  2006cited by this paper
• Temporal dynamics of CO2 fluxes and profiles over a Central European city

  2006influential reference
• Correcting apparent off-season CO 2 uptake due to surface heating of an open path gas analyzer: progress report of an ongoing study

  2006cited by this paper
• Photosynthetic production of boreal forest floor vegetation: Seasonal and spatial variation

  2006cited by this paper
• 50 Years of the Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory

  2006cited by this paper
• Venting of Heat and Carbon Dioxide from Urban Canyons at Night

  2005cited by this paper
• Comparing CO2 Storage and Advection Conditions at Night at Different Carboeuroflux Sites

  2005cited by this paper
• Numerical analysis of flux footprints for different landscapes

  2005cited by this paper
• Seasonal and Diurnal Fluxes of Radiation, Heat, Water Vapor, and Carbon Dioxide over a Suburban Area

  2004influential reference
• Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built‐up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum

  2004influential reference
• Using a One-and-a-Half Order Closure Model of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer for Surface Flux Footprint Estimation

  2004cited by this paper
• The footprint concept in complex terrain

  2004cited by this paper
• Flux footprints over complex terrain covered by heterogeneous forest

  2004cited by this paper
• CO2 exchange between air and water in an Arctic Alaskan and midlatitude Swiss lake: Importance of convective mixing

  2003cited by this paper
• Towards a spatial CO2 budget of a metropolitan region based on textural image classification and flux measurements

  2003cited by this paper
• Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scots pine forest in Hyytiälä, southern Finland, 1996-2001

  2003cited by this paper
• Footprints and Fetches for Fluxes over Forest Canopies with Varying Structure and Density

  2003cited by this paper
• Micrometeorological measurements of the urban heat budget and CO2 emissions on a city scale.

  2002influential reference
• Toxicity of uranium mine receiving waters to early life stage fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in the laboratory.

  2002cited by this paper
• Local-scale fluxes of carbon dioxide in urban environments: methodological challenges and results from Chicago.

  2002influential reference
• Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies: a review and perspective

  2002cited by this paper
• Fluxes of carbon dioxide and water vapour over Scots pine forest and clearing

  2002cited by this paper
• A simple three-dimensional canopy - planetary boundary layer simulation model for scalar concentrations and fluxes

  2002cited by this paper
• Sonic Anemometer Tilt Correction Algorithms

  2001cited by this paper
• Eddy covariance fluxes over a boreal Scots pine forest

  2001cited by this paper
• Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology

  2000cited by this paper
• Aerodynamic Properties of Urban Areas Derived from Analysis of Surface Form

  1999cited by this paper
• Flux partitioning between understorey and overstorey in a boreal spruce/pine forest determined by the eddy covariance method

  1999cited by this paper
• Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements

  1996cited by this paper
• ROAD TRAFFIC EXHAUST GAS EMISSIONS IN FINLAND. LIISA 95 CALCULATION SOFTWARE

  1996influential reference
• Relative Efficiencies of Turbulent Transfer of Heat, Mass, and Momentum over a Patchy Urban Surface

  1995cited by this paper
• Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes

  1994cited by this paper
• A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapour using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities

  1993cited by this paper
• Time series tapering for short data samples

  1991cited by this paper
• Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solutions of the diffusion equation

  1990cited by this paper
• An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology

  1988cited by this paper
• Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer

  1980cited by this paper

• Carbon sequestration in different urban vegetation types in Southern Finland

  2025cites this paper
• Seasonal and interannual variability in urban neighborhood evapotranspiration and its controlling factors in a subtropical city

  2025cites this paper
• Satellite-based re-examination of changes in terrestrial near-surface wind speed in the last 30 years

  2024cites this paper
• Carbon dioxide and evapotranspiration fluxes in an urban area of Krakow, Poland

  2024influential citation
• Utility of thermal remote sensing for evaluation of a high‐resolution weather model in a city

  2024cites this paper
• Response of Bare Soil Respiration to Air and Soil Temperature Variations According to Different Models: A Case Study of an Urban Grassland

  2023cites this paper
• Sap flow and leaf gas exchange response to a drought and heatwave in urban green spaces in a Nordic city

  2023influential citation
• Experimental investigation of thermal environment and surface energy balance in deep and shallow street canyons under various sky conditions

  2022cites this paper
• Can evaporation from urban impervious surfaces be ignored?

  2022cites this paper
• Assessing the synergistic modulation of evapotranspiration by global impervious surface and vegetation changes

  2022cites this paper
• Bioaerosols in the atmosphere at two sites in Northern Europe in spring 2021: Outline of an experimental campaign.

  2022cites this paper
• Insights on estimating urban CO 2 emissions using eddy-covariance flux measurements

  2022cites this paper
• Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous 1 terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck 2

  2022cites this paper
• Quantifying the coastal urban surface layer structure using distributed temperature sensing in Helsinki, Finland

  2022cites this paper
• Modeling of CO2 Fluxes: Study of the Interactions of Urban Climate with CO2

  2022cites this paper
• Surface energy balance fluxes in a suburban of Beijing: energy partitioning variability

  2022cites this paper
• Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck

  2022cites this paper
• Tall tower eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes in Vienna, Austria

  2022cites this paper
• Regulating and Cultural Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Infrastructure in the Nordic Countries: A Systematic Review

  2021cites this paper
• Urban thermal environment and surface energy balance in 3D high-rise compact urban models: Scaled outdoor experiments

  2021cites this paper
• Representativeness of Carbon Dioxide Fluxes Measured by Eddy Covariance over a Mediterranean Urban District with Equipment Setup Restrictions

  2021cites this paper
• Estimating Oil Sands Emissions using Horizontal Path-Integrated Column Measurements

  2021cites this paper
• Estimation of Nocturnal Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Yekaterinburg in 2018–2019

  2021cites this paper
• Urban Water Storage Capacity Inferred From Observed Evapotranspiration Recession

  2021influential citation
• Temporal dynamics, drivers, and components of soil respiration in urban forest ecosystems

  2020cites this paper
• Comparison of surface radiation and turbulent heat fluxes in Olympic Forest Park and on a building roof in Beijing, China

  2020cites this paper
• Long-term variation in CO2 emissions with implications for the interannual trend in PM2.5 over the last decade in Beijing, China.

  2020cites this paper
• Urban CO2 Budget: Spatial and Seasonal Variability of CO2 Emissions in Krakow, Poland

  2020cites this paper
• Seasonal variations in the surface energy and CO2 flux over a high‐rise, high‐population, residential urban area in the East Asian monsoon region

  2020influential citation
• Determinants of soil carbon dynamics in urban ecosystems

  2020cites this paper
• Geospatial coherence of surface-atmosphere fluxes in the upper Great Lakes region

  2020cites this paper
• Establishing an Eionet Group of In Situ Data Experts

  2020cites this paper
• Impact of coordinate rotation on eddy covariance fluxes at complex sites

  2020cites this paper
• Response to Referee#2

  2020cites this paper
• Response to Referee#1

  2020cites this paper
• Surface and Aerodynamic Parameters Estimation for Urban and Rural Areas

  2020cites this paper
• Human Activity Recorded in Carbon Isotopic Composition of Atmospheric CO2 in Gliwice Urban Area and Surroundings (Southern Poland) in the Years 2011–2013

  2019cites this paper
• - postprint

  2019cites this paper
• Low-Key Stationary and Mobile Tools for Probing the Atmospheric UHI Effect

  2019cites this paper
• Measuring Multi-Scale Urban Forest Carbon Flux Dynamics Using an Integrated Eddy Covariance Technique

  2019cites this paper
• Summertime surface energy balance fluxes at two

  2019cites this paper
• Inclusion of CO2 flux modelling in an urban canopy layer model and an evaluation over an old European city centre

  2019cites this paper
• Comparative assessment of net CO2 exchange across an urbanization gradient in Korea based on eddy covariance measurements

  2019cites this paper
• Summertime surface energy balance fluxes at two Beijing sites

  2019influential citation
• CO2 Flux Characteristics of Different Plant Communities in a Subtropical Urban Ecosystem

  2019cites this paper
• A systematic review

  2019cites this paper
• Source area definition for local climate zones studies. A systematic review

  2019cites this paper
• Multi-scale sensible heat fluxes in the urban environment from large aperture scintillometry and eddy covariance

  2018cites this paper
• Surface roughness parameters in cities: improvements and implications for windspeed estimation

  2018cites this paper
• Effects of snow cover on urban surface energy exchange: Observations in Harbin, China during the winter season

  2018cites this paper
• Uncertainty of eddy covariance flux measurements over an urban area based on two towers

  2018cites this paper
• Modelling the partitioning of turbulent fluxes at urban sites with varying vegetation

  2018cites this paper
• A Backward-Lagrangian-Stochastic Footprint Model for the Urban Environment

  2018cites this paper
• Urban land-surface impacts on atmospheric processes for Indianapolis, Indiana

  2017cites this paper
• Modelling the biogenic CO2 exchange in urban and non-urban ecosystems through the assessment of light-response curve parameters.

  2017cites this paper
• Numerical framework for the computation of urban flux footprints employing large-eddy simulation and Lagrangian stochastic modeling

  2017cites this paper
• Aerodynamic roughness variation with vegetation: analysis in a suburban neighbourhood and a city park

  2017cites this paper
• Multi-year energy balance and carbon dioxide fluxes over a residential neighborhood in a tropical city: Multi-year energy balance and carbon dioxide fluxes

  2017influential citation
• Partitioning of net ecosystem exchange using chamber measurements data from bare soil and vegetated sites

  2017cites this paper
• Response Characterization of an Inexpensive Aerosol Sensor

  2017cites this paper
• Multi‐year energy balance and carbon dioxide fluxes over a residential neighbourhood in a tropical city

  2017influential citation
• Carbon dioxide fluxes in the city centre of Arnhem, A middle-sized Dutch city

  2017cites this paper
• Eddy Covariance Measurements of CO 2 Flux Over an Urban Area in North Alabama

  2017cites this paper
• Seasonal and Annual Variations in Soil Respiration of the Artificial Landscapes (Moscow Botanical Garden)

  2017cites this paper
• Ecosystem scale measurements of surface--atmosphere volatile organic compound exchange

  2016cites this paper
• Variations in carbon dioxide fluxes within a city landscape: Identifying a vehicular influence

  2016cites this paper
• Interactive comment on “ Anthropogenic and biogenic influence on VOC fluxes at an urban background site in Helsinki , Finland ” by P . Rantala

  2016cites this paper
• Anthropogenic and biogenic influence on VOC fluxes at an urban background site in Helsinki, Finland

  2016cites this paper
• Soil respiration contributes substantially to urban carbon fluxes in the greater Boston area.

  2016cites this paper
• Seasonal surface urban energy balance and wintertime stability simulated using three land‐surface models in the high‐latitude city Helsinki

  2016cites this paper
• Anthropogenic and Biogenic Features of Long-Term Measured CO Flux in North Downtown Houston, Texas.

  2016cites this paper
• Analisys of taxi data for understanding urban dynamics

  2016cites this paper
• Comparative estimates of anthropogenic heat emission in relation to surface energy balance of a subtropical urban neighborhood

  2016cites this paper
• Modeling the Partitioning of Turbulent Fluxes at Urban Sites with Varying Vegetation Cover

  2016cites this paper
• Some ecosystem service aspects of young street tree plantings

  2016cites this paper
• Heat, water and carbon exchanges in the tall megacity of Shanghai: challenges and results

  2016cites this paper
• Changes in the Seoul Metropolitan Area Urban Heat Environment with Residential Redevelopment

  2016cites this paper
• Flux–Variance Similarity in Complex Terrain and Its Sensitivity to Different Methods of Treating Non-stationarity

  2016cites this paper
• INFLUENCE OF SOURCE TYPES AND SOURCE AREAS ON THE CONCENTRATIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN SOUTHERN FINLAND

  2015cites this paper
• On the controlling factors for the variability of carbon dioxide flux in a heterogeneous urban environment

  2015cites this paper
• Variability of carbon dioxide fluxes in heterogeneous urban environments : from street canyon to neighborhood scale

  2015influential citation
• An empirical approach to estimate the biogenic components of urban CO 2 flux

  2015cites this paper
• Annual sums of carbon dioxide exchange over a heterogeneous urban landscape through machine learning based gap-filling

  2015cites this paper
• Measurement of NO(x) fluxes from a tall tower in Central London, UK and comparison with emissions inventories.

  2015cites this paper
• Energy exchange in a dense urban environment – Part I: Temporal variability of long-term observations in central London

  2014cites this paper
• Energy exchange in a dense urban environment – Part II: Impact of spatial heterogeneity of the surface

  2014influential citation
• Development of the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) for cold climate cities

  2014cites this paper
• The BRIDGE approach

  2014cites this paper
• Multi-Scale Sensible Heat Fluxes in the Suburban Environment from Large-Aperture Scintillometry and Eddy Covariance

  2014cites this paper
• Urban nitrous-oxide fluxes measured using the eddy-covariance technique in Helsinki, Finland

  2014cites this paper
• Environmental measurements in BRIDGE case studies

  2014cites this paper
• Contribution of impervious surfaces to urban evaporation

  2014cites this paper
• Selected Spectral Characteristics of Turbulence over an Urbanized Area in the Centre of Łódź, Poland

  2014cites this paper
• Observed and simulated features of the CO2 diurnal cycle in the boundary layer at Beijing and Hefei, China

  2014cites this paper
• Winter to spring transition and diurnal variation of vocs in Finland at an urban background site and a rural site

  2014cites this paper
• Looking Forward to the Next Generation of Footprint Models

  2014cites this paper
• Implications of the dense city centre to surface-atmosphere exchanges

  2014cites this paper
• Atmospheric measurement techniques to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from cities

  2014cites this paper
• A review of the current progress in quantifying the potential of urban forests to mitigate urban CO2 emissions

  2014cites this paper
• Seasonal dynamics of a suburban energy balance in Phoenix, Arizona

  2014influential citation