The Kynurenine Pathway As a Novel Link between Allergy and the Gut Microbiome

In the past few decades, the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) subset of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism has been the subject of much research in the area of immune tolerance. In this review, we aim to incorporate new findings on this pathway in relation to allergy and the gut microbiome, while providing a comprehensive overview of the pathway itself. Stimulated by interferon gamma, IDO acts as a tolerogenic, immunosuppressive enzyme to attenuate allergic responses by the induction of the KYN-IDO pathway, resultant depletion of TRP, and elevation in KYN metabolites. Acting through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, KYN metabolites cause T-cell anergy and apoptosis, proliferation of Treg and Th17 cells, and deviation of the Th1/Th2 response, although the outcome is highly dependent on the microenvironment. Moreover, new evidence from germ-free mice and human infants shows that gut microbiota and breast milk are key in determining the functioning of the KYN-IDO pathway. As such, we recommend further research on how this pathway may be a critical link between the microbiome and development of allergy.

• Publication year

  2017

• Venue

  Frontiers in Immunology

• Publication date

  2017-11-06

• Fields of study

  Biology, Medicine, Environmental Science

• Identifiers
  DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01374PMID 29163472PMCID 5681735
• External record

  Open on Semantic Scholar

• Source metadata

  Semantic Scholar, PubMed

• No claims are published for this paper.

• No concepts are published for this paper.

• Kynurenines: Tryptophan’s metabolites in exercise, inflammation, and mental health

  2017cited by this paper
• Therapeutic antibody targeting of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO2) inhibits autoimmune arthritis.

  2017cited by this paper
• Kynurenine pathway metabolism and the microbiota‐gut‐brain axis

  2017cited by this paper
• Evolution of gut microbiota composition from birth to 24 weeks in the INFANTMET Cohort

  2017cited by this paper
• Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 Modulates the Host Immune Responses: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial in Healthy Adults

  2017cited by this paper
• Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 make separate, tissue-specific contributions to basal and inflammation-induced kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice.

  2016cited by this paper
• Gut microbiota and allergic disease in children.

  2016cited by this paper
• Impact of Timing and Dosage of a Fluoroquinolone Treatment on the Microbiological, Pathological, and Clinical Outcomes of Calves Challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica

  2016cited by this paper
• The end of the road for the tryptophan depletion concept in pregnancy and infection

  2016cited by this paper
• Early-Life Events, Including Mode of Delivery and Type of Feeding, Siblings and Gender, Shape the Developing Gut Microbiota

  2016cited by this paper
• The maternal microbiota drives early postnatal innate immune development

  2016cited by this paper
• Microbial Changes during Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy

  2016cited by this paper
• NAD(+) metabolism: Bioenergetics, signaling and manipulation for therapy.

  2016cited by this paper
• Mouse chronic social stress increases blood and brain kynurenine pathway activity and fear behaviour: Both effects are reversed by inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

  2016cited by this paper
• Probiotic Supplements Beneficially Affect Tryptophan–Kynurenine Metabolism and Reduce the Incidence of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Trained Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

  2016cited by this paper
• Low indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase activity in persistent food allergy in children

  2016cited by this paper
• Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: Implications for brain and behaviour.

  2015cited by this paper
• Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Serotonin

  2015cited by this paper
• Supramolecular structure in the membrane of Staphylococcus aureus

  2015cited by this paper
• Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in health and disease.

  2015cited by this paper
• The Infant Gut Microbiome: Evidence for Obesity Risk and Dietary Intervention

  2015cited by this paper
• Quantifying Diet-Induced Metabolic Changes of the Human Gut Microbiome.

  2015cited by this paper
• H2O2 production rate in Lactobacillus johnsonii is modulated via the interplay of a heterodimeric flavin oxidoreductase with a soluble 28 Kd PAS domain containing protein

  2015cited by this paper
• Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short‐chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells

  2015cited by this paper
• Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis.

  2015cited by this paper
• Immune modulation of the brain-gut-microbe axis

  2014cited by this paper
• Modulation of Gut Microbiota in the Management of Metabolic Disorders: The Prospects and Challenges

  2014cited by this paper
• Immunological Relevance of the Coevolution of IDO1 and AHR

  2014influential reference
• Aryl hydrocarbon receptor control of a disease tolerance defence pathway

  2014influential reference
• Irritable bowel syndrome: a microbiome-gut-brain axis disorder?

  2014cited by this paper
• Human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2 has substrate specificity and inhibition characteristics distinct from those of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1

  2014cited by this paper
• Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Critical for the Initiation of Adaptive T Helper 2 Cell-Mediated Allergic Lung Inflammation

  2014cited by this paper
• IDO2 Is a Critical Mediator of Autoantibody Production and Inflammatory Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Autoimmune Arthritis

  2014cited by this paper
• Skeletal Muscle PGC-1a1 Modulates Kynurenine Metabolism and Mediates Resilience to Stress-Induced Depression

  2014cited by this paper
• Cutting Edge: IL-25 Elicits Innate Lymphoid Type 2 and Type II NKT Cells That Regulate Obesity in Mice

  2013cited by this paper
• Targeting the Microbiota to Address Diet-Induced Obesity: A Time Dependent Challenge

  2013cited by this paper
• Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22.

  2013cited by this paper
• Innate IL-13-producing nuocytes arise during allergic lung inflammation and contribute to airways hyperreactivity.

  2012cited by this paper
• The indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) pathway controls allergy

  2012cited by this paper
• Lung natural helper cells are a critical source of Th2 cell-type cytokines in protease allergen-induced airway inflammation.

  2012cited by this paper
• Serotonin in the Gut: What Does It Do?

  2012cited by this paper
• IDO inhibits a tryptophan sufficiency signal that stimulates mTOR

  2012cited by this paper
• The kynurenine pathway in brain tumor pathogenesis.

  2012cited by this paper
• Interferon-γ Regulates the Proliferation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Activation of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase (IDO)

  2011cited by this paper
• Vascular Endothelial Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Forms a Positive Gradient towards the Feto-Maternal Interface

  2011cited by this paper
• Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a signaling protein in long-term tolerance by dendritic cells

  2011cited by this paper
• A biological pathway linking inflammation and depression: activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

  2011cited by this paper
• Regulation of expression and function of IDO in human dendritic cells.

  2011cited by this paper
• Innate lymphoid cells mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity independently of adaptive immunity

  2011cited by this paper
• Kynurenic acid is a potent endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand that synergistically induces interleukin-6 in the presence of inflammatory signaling.

  2010cited by this paper
• Novel 1-alkyl-tryptophan derivatives downregulate IDO1 and IDO2 mRNA expression induced by interferon-gamma in dendritic cells

  2010cited by this paper
• Tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid selectively induces activated T cell death via intracellular GSH depletion.

  2010cited by this paper
• Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates dendritic cell immunogenicity via a kynurenine-dependent mechanism

  2010cited by this paper
• Early markers for protective mechanisms during rush venom immunotherapy

  2010cited by this paper
• Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice.

  2010cited by this paper
• An Interaction between Kynurenine and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Can Generate Regulatory T Cells

  2010cited by this paper
• The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors

  2010cited by this paper
• Tryptophan Catabolism by Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Alters the Balance of TH17 to Regulatory T Cells in HIV Disease

  2010cited by this paper
• Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans: Disease and Healthy States

  2009cited by this paper
• Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites

  2009cited by this paper
• Production and Peripheral Roles of 5-HTP, a Precursor of Serotonin

  2009cited by this paper
• Understanding the role of tryptophan and serotonin metabolism in gastrointestinal function

  2009influential reference
• The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease

  2009cited by this paper
• Inhibitors of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase for cancer therapy: can we see the wood for the trees?

  2009cited by this paper
• Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of human tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase

  2009cited by this paper
• Development of Allergy and Atopy

  2009cited by this paper
• Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-2; a new enzyme in the kynurenine pathway.

  2009cited by this paper
• Levo- but not dextro-1-methyl tryptophan abrogates the IDO activity of human dendritic cells.

  2008cited by this paper
• Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling mediates expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

  2008cited by this paper
• Modulation of invariant natural killer T cell cytokine responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

  2008cited by this paper
• The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: An assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat.

  2008cited by this paper
• Expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma recruits regulatory T cells to avoid immune detection.

  2008cited by this paper
• IDO: a double-edged sword for T(H)1/T(H)2 regulation.

  2008influential reference
• Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent tryptophan metabolites contribute to tolerance induction during allergen immunotherapy in a mouse model.

  2008cited by this paper
• Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in lung dendritic cells promotes Th2 responses and allergic inflammation

  2008influential reference
• IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-κB activation

  2007cited by this paper
• Biochemical mechanisms leading to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activation.

  2007cited by this paper
• Novel tryptophan catabolic enzyme IDO2 is the preferred biochemical target of the antitumor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitory compound D-1-methyl-tryptophan.

  2007cited by this paper
• Activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in children with acute febrile diseases

  2007cited by this paper
• Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in antimicrobial defence and immuno-regulation: tryptophan depletion versus production of toxic kynurenines.

  2007cited by this paper
• Immune mechanisms of allergen‐specific sublingual immunotherapy

  2006cited by this paper
• Mycobacteria Induce IFN-γ Production in Human Dendritic Cells via Triggering of TLR21

  2006cited by this paper
• Mycobacteria induce IFN-gamma production in human dendritic cells via triggering of TLR2.

  2006cited by this paper
• The Combined Effects of Tryptophan Starvation and Tryptophan Catabolites Down-Regulate T Cell Receptor ζ-Chain and Induce a Regulatory Phenotype in Naive T Cells1

  2006cited by this paper
• Regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase by CTLA-4-Fc in human CD4+ T cells.

  2005cited by this paper
• Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine

  2005cited by this paper
• Immunoregulation of dendritic cells.

  2005cited by this paper
• GCN2 kinase in T cells mediates proliferative arrest and anergy induction in response to indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

  2005influential reference
• Branched-chain amino acids and brain function.

  2005influential reference
• Inhibition of experimental asthma by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.

  2004cited by this paper
• Ido expression by dendritic cells: tolerance and tryptophan catabolism

  2004cited by this paper
• Role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Alpha/Beta and Gamma Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Effects against Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

  2004cited by this paper
• Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program

  2004cited by this paper
• Specific subsets of murine dendritic cells acquire potent T cell regulatory functions following CTLA4-mediated induction of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase.

  2004cited by this paper
• Cutting Edge: Human Eosinophils Regulate T Cell Subset Selection through Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase1

  2004cited by this paper
• Asymptomatic atopy is associated with increased indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase activity and interleukin‐10 production during seasonal allergen exposure

  2004cited by this paper
• Ligation of B7-1/B7-2 by Human CD4+ T Cells Triggers Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity in Dendritic Cells1

  2004cited by this paper
• In vivo role of IFN‐γ produced by antigen‐presenting cells in early host defense against intracellular pathogens

  2003cited by this paper
• Quantification of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene induction in atopic and non-atopic monocytes after ligation of the high-affinity receptor for IgE, Fc(epsilon)RI and interferon-gamma stimulation.

  2003cited by this paper
• Modulation of tryptophan catabolism by regulatory T cells

  2003cited by this paper

• The Gut Microbiota-Mast Cell Axis in Intestinal Homeostasis and Food Allergy Pathogenesis.

  2026cites this paper
• Amino acid metabolism modulates chronic kidney disease progression by mediating the aging process: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions.

  2026cites this paper
• FOXP3+ T Cells—An Emerging Evidence in Periodontitis Therapeutics

  2025cites this paper
• Gut–lung axis in allergic rhinitis: microbial dysbiosis and therapeutic strategies

  2025cites this paper
• Tryptophan metabolism in inter-organ communication and its potential applications for disease prevention and control

  2025cites this paper
• Caffeic Acid Inhibits Degranulation, Cytokine Secretions, and IP3 Receptor 2 Gene Expression in Compound 48/80-Stimulated Mouse P815 Mast Cells

  2025cites this paper
• Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease- Implications for non-communicable diseases.

  2025cites this paper
• Human milk metabolites modulate gut barrier and immunity-related genes in an in vitro multicellular model of intestinal epithelium.

  2025cites this paper
• The Interplay between Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites and Ferroptosis: Implications for Intestinal Health and Disease.

  2025cites this paper
• 1-methyl-tryptophan improves anxiety-like behavior in colitis mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation, promoting cell regeneration and decreasing apoptosis.

  2025cites this paper
• Role of Kynurenine and Its Derivatives in Liver Diseases: Recent Advances and Future Clinical Perspectives

  2025cites this paper
• Integrated gut metabolome and microbiome fingerprinting reveals that dysbiosis precedes allergic inflammation in IgE‐mediated pediatric cow's milk allergy

  2024cites this paper
• Subpopulations of children with multiple chronic health outcomes in relation to chemical exposures in the ECHO-PATHWAYS consortium

  2024cites this paper
• Galantamine-Memantine Combination in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Dementia

  2024cites this paper
• Immunometabolism: signaling pathways, homeostasis, and therapeutic targets

  2024cites this paper
• Prevention of allergic airway and gut inflammation in humanized mice by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and butyrate

  2024cites this paper
• Gut microbiome and metabolome alterations in traditional Chinese medicine damp-heat constitution following treatment with a Chinese patent medicine and lifestyle intervention.

  2024cites this paper
• Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) - Can dendritic cells and monocytes expressing this moonlight enzyme change the phase of Parkinson's Disease?

  2024cites this paper
• Oral tryptophan activates duodenal aryl hydrocarbon receptor in healthy subjects: a crossover randomized controlled trial.

  2024cites this paper
• Cimetidine Attenuates Therapeutic Effect of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1 and Modulates Tumor Microenvironment in Colon Cancer

  2024cites this paper
• Kynurenine Pathway in Respiratory Diseases

  2024cites this paper
• Enhancing a multi-purpose artificial urine for culture and gene expression studies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains.

  2024cites this paper
• The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma

  2024cites this paper
• Plasma Amino Acid Profile in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Southern China: Analysis of 110 Cases

  2023cites this paper
• Dietary L-Tryptophan consumption determines the number of colonic regulatory T cells and susceptibility to colitis via GPR15

  2023cites this paper
• Metabolomics Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Therapy in a Phase I Clinical Trial of Septic Shock: An Exploratory Study

  2023cites this paper
• Atopic and non-atopic effects of fish oil supplementation during pregnancy

  2023cites this paper
• The Role of Tryptophan Metabolism in the Occurrence and Progression of Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases.

  2023cites this paper
• Ingested histamine and serotonin interact to alter Anopheles stephensi feeding and flight behavior and infection with Plasmodium parasites

  2023cites this paper
• Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - An evidence-based review

  2023cites this paper
• The Roles and Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota in Food Allergy

  2023cites this paper
• Gain‑of‑function of IDO in DCs inhibits T cell immunity by metabolically regulating surface molecules and cytokines

  2023cites this paper
• Sex Differences in Tryptophan Metabolism: A Systematic Review Focused on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

  2023cites this paper
• Geniposide improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulating metabolism

  2023cites this paper
• Activated intestinal microbiome-associated tryptophan metabolism upregulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor to promote osteoarthritis in a rat model.

  2023cites this paper
• Low-dose sumatriptan improves the outcome of acute mesenteric ischemia in rats via downregulating kynurenine

  2023cites this paper
• Lactocaseibacillus rhamnosus zz-1 Supplementation Mitigates Depression-Like Symptoms in Chronic Stress-Induced Depressed Mice via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis.

  2023cites this paper
• Citrulline and kynurenine to tryptophan ratio: potential EED (environmental enteric dysfunction) biomarkers in acute watery diarrhea among children in Bangladesh

  2023cites this paper
• The gut metagenome harbors metabolic and antibiotic resistance signatures of moderate-to-severe asthma

  2023cites this paper
• Pu-erh Tea Restored Circadian Rhythm Disruption by Regulating Tryptophan Metabolism.

  2022cites this paper
• Blood pressure and urine metabolite changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with leaf extract of Ficus deltoidea var angustifolia.

  2022cites this paper
• Mining for Active Molecules in Probiotic Supernatant by Combining Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Immunoregulation Testing

  2022cites this paper
• The role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase in allergic disorders

  2022cites this paper
• Emerging effects of tryptophan pathway metabolites and intestinal microbiota on metabolism and intestinal function

  2022cites this paper
• Kynurenine Metabolism and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Potential Targets and Approaches

  2022influential citation
• Tryptophan Supplementation Increases the Production of Microbial-Derived AhR Agonists in an In Vitro Simulator of Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem

  2022cites this paper
• Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Cognitive Impairment in Bipolar Disorder: Current Evidence

  2022cites this paper
• Transcriptome sequencing of 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126)-treated human preadipocytes demonstrates progressive changes in pathways associated with inflammation and diabetes.

  2022cites this paper
• Current Strategies to Modulate Regulatory T Cell Activity in Allergic Inflammation

  2022cites this paper
• An Emerging Cross-Species Marker for Organismal Health: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway

  2022influential citation
• Limosilactobacillus reuteri Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis via Changes in Gut Bacteria and Indole Derivatives from Tryptophan Metabolism

  2022cites this paper
• Beta-Glucan Alters Gut Microbiota and Plasma Metabolites in Pre-Weaning Dairy Calves

  2022cites this paper
• The role and mechanism of tryptophan – kynurenine metabolic pathway in depression

  2022cites this paper
• The Th17/Treg cell balance: crosstalk among the immune system, bone and microbes in periodontitis.

  2021cites this paper
• Comparative metabolomics analysis of bronchial epithelium during barrier establishment after allergen exposure

  2021cites this paper
• Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived Cells Suppresses Rhinovirus-Induced Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation by Regulating Th1- and Th17-Type Responses

  2021cites this paper
• MICROBIAL METABOLITES AND THE VAGAL AFFERENT PATHWAY IN THE CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE.

  2021cites this paper
• Nutraceuticals as Potential Targets for the Development of a Functional Beverage for Improving Sleep Quality

  2021cites this paper
• Prenatal stress-induced disruptions in microbial and host tryptophan metabolism and transport.

  2021cites this paper
• Mass spectrometry-based urinary metabolomics for exploring the treatment effects of Radix ginseng-Schisandra chinensis herb pair on Alzheimer's disease in rats.

  2021cites this paper
• Role of maternal tryptophan metabolism in allergic diseases in the offspring

  2021cites this paper
• Microbial production of beneficial indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) with potential application to biotechnological products for human health

  2021cites this paper
• Food Processing, Dysbiosis, Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases, and Antiangiogenic Functional Foods or Beverages.

  2021cites this paper
• Prebiotic and probiotic supplementation and the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway: A systematic review and meta analysis.

  2021cites this paper
• The Crosstalk Between Signaling Pathways and Cancer Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer

  2021influential citation
• Serum profiles of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway metabolites in psoriasis

  2021cites this paper
• The effect of 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase gene overexpression in the kynurenine pathway on the expression levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and interferon-γ in inflammatory conditions: an in vitro study

  2021cites this paper
• Elucidating gene expression adaptation of phylogenetically divergent coral holobionts under heat stress

  2021cites this paper
• Effect of microbiota metabolites on the progression of chronic hepatitis B virus infection

  2021cites this paper
• Inhibition of antigen-specific immune responses by co-application of an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-encoding vector requires antigen transgene expression focused on dendritic cells

  2020cites this paper
• Developing immune-regulatory materials using immobilized monosaccharides with immune-instructive properties

  2020cites this paper
• Offspring susceptibility to metabolic alterations due to maternal high-fat diet and the impact of inhaled ozone used as a stressor

  2020cites this paper
• Trial watch: IDO inhibitors in cancer therapy

  2020cites this paper
• Role of Metabolism in Regulating Immune Cell Fate Decisions

  2020cites this paper
• Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes at the Crossroads of Host–Microbe Tryptophan Metabolism

  2020cites this paper
• Systematic Review of the Kynurenine Pathway and Psychoneurological Symptoms Among Adult Cancer Survivors

  2020cites this paper
• Metabolomic Profiling of Plasma and Erythrocytes in Sickle Mice Points to Altered Nociceptive Pathways

  2020cites this paper
• Neonatal diet alters fecal microbiota and metabolome profiles at different ages in infants fed breast milk or formula.

  2020influential citation
• Metabolic regulation of the HBV-specific T cell function.

  2020cites this paper
• Shaping the Gut Microbiota by Breastfeeding: The Gateway to Allergy Prevention?

  2019influential citation
• Immunopharmacology of Prebiotics and Probiotics

  2019cites this paper
• Impact of Daily Preventive Zinc or Therapeutic Zinc Supplementation for Diarrhea on Plasma Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction among Rural Laotian Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

  2019cites this paper
• Dysregulation of the Tryptophan Pathway Evidences Gender Differences in COPD

  2019cites this paper
• The Metabolic Requirements of Th2 Cell Differentiation

  2019cites this paper
• Annual Review of Immunology The Microbiome and Food Allergy

  2019influential citation
• Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase Does Not Improve Cancer-Related Symptoms in a Murine Model of Human Papilloma Virus–Related Head and Neck Cancer

  2019cites this paper
• Distribution of bioactive factors in human milk samples

  2019cites this paper
• Bright Green Biofluorescence in Sharks Derives from Bromo-Kynurenine Metabolism

  2019cites this paper
• Fish-oil supplementation in pregnancy, child metabolomics and asthma risk

  2019cites this paper
• Microbiota Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease: Involvement of the Kynurenine Pathway and Inflammation

  2019cites this paper
• The Microbiome and Food Allergy.

  2019cites this paper
• Intake of Oxidized Proteins and Amino Acids and Causative Oxidative Stress and Disease: Recent Scientific Evidences and Hypotheses.

  2019cites this paper
• Human Breast-Milk Feeding Enhances the Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Neonatal Piglets.

  2018cites this paper