Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show additional motor deficits, including: gait disturbance, impaired handwriting, grip force and speech deficits, among others. Some of these motor symptoms (e.g., deficits of gait, speech, and handwriting) have similar clinical profiles, neural substrates, and respond similarly to dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we provide an extensive review of the clinical characteristics and neural substrates of each of these motor symptoms, to highlight precisely how PD and its medical and surgical treatments impact motor symptoms. In conclusion, we offer a unified framework for understanding the range of motor symptoms in PD. We argue that various motor symptoms in PD reflect dysfunction of neural structures responsible for action selection, motor sequencing, and coordination and execution of movement.
Motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A unified framework.
A. Moustafa,S. Chakravarthy,Joseph R. Phillips,Ankur Gupta,S. Kéri,B. Polner,M. Frank,M. Jahanshahi
Published 2016 in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
ABSTRACT
PUBLICATION RECORD
- Publication year
2016
- Venue
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publication date
2016-09-01
- Fields of study
Medicine, Psychology
- Identifiers
- External record
- Source metadata
Semantic Scholar, PubMed
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